Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison 4'1 Complete and Austere Institutions

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Discipline and Punish The Birth of the
Prison4.1 Complete and Austere Institutions

• Michel Foucault

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Schema of the book

• Part 1 Torture. pp. 3-72. (Sept. 20, 22)
• Chapter 1, "The body of the condemned" and
• Chapter 2, "The spectacle of the scaffold."
• Part 2 Punishment. pp. 73-134.(Sept. 25, 27)
• Chapter 1, "Generalized punishment" and
• Chapter 2, "The gentle way in punishment."
• Part 3 Discipline. pp. 135-194. (Sept. 29, Oct.
  2, 4)
• Chapter 1, "Docile bodies" and
• Chapter 2, "The means of correct training."
• Chapter 3, "Panopticism
• Part 4, Prison. pp. 257-308. (Oct. 4, 9, 11)
• Chapter 1, "Complete and austere institutions."
• Chapter 2, "Illegalities and delinquency" and
• Chapter 3, "The caracel."

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Prison constituted outside legal apparatus
throughout the social body 231

• Procedures for
• Distributing individuals
• Fixing them in space
• Classifying them
• Extracting from them the maximum in time and
  forces
• Training their bodies
• Coding their continuous behavior
• Maintaining them in perfect visibility
• Forming around them an apparatus of observation,
  registration, and recording
• Constituting on them a body of knowledge that is
  accumulated and centralized.
• Render individuals docile and useful

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Prison constituted outside legal apparatus
throughout the social body 231

• Procedures for
• Rendering individuals docile and useful
• Creates the delinquent
• Contrast with offender
• Note that this New Man, created through modes of
  punishment, was not an intentional creation
  rather emerged through a convergence of forces.

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Models fore-shadowing the Modern

• Military camp
• Monastery
• Hospital

• School
• Workshop

www.florenceitaly.net/pagine/pendini/storia.asp
Ecole Militaire, Founded 1750. Louis XIV
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/e/e0/Ecole-Militaire.png/350px-Ecole-Militaire.p
ng
www.pirateutopia.org/bluebeard/rupertsRant.htm
http//www.ckrumlov.cz/obr/region/histor/1954.jpg
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (17361806), Saltworks and
town of Chaux (Saline royale d'Arc-et-Senans,
partly constructed, 177579) faculty.washington.ed
u/nh2/classes/hellenism2.htm
Architect's plan for Guy's Hospital (1734)
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Transitional prisons late 18th/early 19th
centuries

• Ghent, Belgium
• Gloucester, England

www.ingema.net/in2001/clanek.php?id231
resistir.info/mreview/barbarie.html
Gallows, pre-1912 www.richard.clark32.btinternet.c
o.uk/gallery.html
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• Walnut Street Prison, Philadelphia

www.brynmawr.edu/iconog/evans/files/phs015.html
www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h89b.html
http//www.sheldensays.com/architectural_and_disci
plinary_i.htm
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Basis of transformation

• New class power developing
• Colonized the legal institutions
• Procedures of domination characteristic of a
  particular type of power 231
• Equal justice
• Autonomous legal machinery
• BUT asymmetrical disciplinary domination 232

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Operation of power

• Procedures of domination characteristic of a
  particular type of power 231
• Equal justice
• Autonomous legal machinery
• BUT asymmetrical disciplinary domination 232

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Why prison self-evident 232-3

• Dual functions
• Juridico-economic
• Measure equal loss of freedom
• Technico-disciplinary
• Create docile, useful person
• Like barracks, workshop, school, etc.

1870 Reformatory faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/111/111
lect12.htm
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Prison reform continuous

• If aim is to reform the criminal, then the penal
  machine must also be continually evaluated and
  improved 233-34
• Various theories

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Complete and austere institutionsPrinciples of
imprisonment

• Isolation confront ones soul, submit
• Total? Walnut St. and its successor, Cherry
  Street Prisons, Philadelphia (Quaker)
• Awaken conscience within
• Monastic model? (Auburn, NY, model) 238
• Isolation at night
• Disciplined communal activities during day
• Socialize the miscreant
• All aim to create hierarchical relation between
  individual convict and authority 239

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Cherry Hill, replaced Walnut St. Prison 1829

• The penitentiary in Philadelphia has been
  most strongly associated with the "Separate
  System" of imprisonment, in which prisoners are
  confined to individual cells and not allowed to
  congregate with each other. The latter system was
  dubbed the "Auburn System" after a prison in New
  York, although the Ossining, NY prison is better
  known Sing-Sing. The Eastern State Penitentiary
  in Cherry Hill/Fairmount replaced the original
  Walnut St. prison (on Walnut 6th) when it
  opened in 1829.
• Notice the radial spoke-like pattern with
  the central panoptic rotunda.Source N.K.
  Teeters, The Prison at Philadelphia, Cherry Hill
  (1957).
• http//monarch.gsu.edu/jcrampton/foucault/
  foucault_philly.html

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Panopticon

• Jeremy Bentham
• "A building circular... The prisoners in
  their cells, occupying the circumferenceThe
  officers in the centre. By blinds and other
  contrivances, the Inspectors concealed... from
  the observation of the prisoners hence the
  sentiment of a sort of omnipresenceThe whole
  circuit reviewable with little, or... without
  any, change of place. One station in the
  inspection part affording the most perfect view
  of every cell."Jeremy BenthamProposal for a New
  and Less Expensive mode of Employing and
  Reforming Convicts (London, 1798)
  www.utilitarianism.com/panopticon.html

http//www.girodivite.it/Panopticon-Godot-e-i-nomo
techi-di.html
http//www.victorianturkishbath.org/6DIRECTORY/Ato
ZEstab/Asylums/aapix/Bentham_w.htm
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• "Morals reformed - health preserved -
  industry invigorated, instruction diffused -
  public burthens lightened - Economy seated, as it
  were, upon a rock - the gordian knot of the
  Poor-Laws are not cut, but untied - all by a
  simple idea in Architecture!"Jeremy BenthamThe
  Panopticon Writings

www.utilitarianism.com/panopticon.html
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Auburn Prison, New York

• The shower replaced flogging as
  punishment at Auburn.
• Collective work in total silence Model
  of ideal behavior.

http//www-personal.umich.edu/rwbailey/Rulloff.ht
ml
http//freepages.history.rootsweb.com/springport/
auburn_prison_woodcut.jpg
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Various models for correction 239, 248

• Religious conversion
• Medical cure and normalization
• Economic efficient production
• --------
• Politico-moral individual isolation hierarchy
• Architectural and administrative best
  surveillance

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Principles of imprisonment

• Isolation 236
• Work 240
• Changes meaning from 18th century reformers
• From sign for public or useful reparation
• To producing efficient workers 242
• machine men
• Proletarians
• Wages instrument of individual transformation,
  not remuneration 243

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1840s Conflicts between workers and prison work

• First major crisis of capitalism
• Conflict between work of free labor and prison
  labor
• Conditions of work
• Replacement of free labor

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Principles of imprisonment

• Isolation 236
• Work 240
• Instrument for modulation of the penalty 244
• Not based on exchange value of the offense but
• Based on the time required to transform the
  inmate
• Arbitrariness of sentencing reinstituted, but now
  harnessed to reform of inmate by administrators
  247

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Dual project 250

• Perfect surveillance
• Perfect observation
• Offender is transformed into delinquent 251
• Joins earlier 18th century reformers narrative
• Criminal as monster fallen out of the social pact
  and
• criminal as juridical subject rehabilitated by
  punishment
• Criminology appears as a science of the
  delinquent object of the law and object of a
  scientific technique are superimposed on one
  another 256

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Foucaults aim

• This book is intended as a correlative history
  of the modern soul and of a new power to judge a
  genealogy of the present scientifico-legal
  complex from which the power to punish derives it
  bases, justifications and rules, from which it
  extends its effects and by which it masks its
  exorbitant singularity. 23