Module 11

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Module 11

• Developing Countries Sustainability

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Terminology Differences

• Developed Industrial First World The
  North The West
• Developing Third World The South The
  East
• Developing includes Least Developed Countries

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Important Note

• Sustainable development as defined in the 1987
  Bruntland Report actually applies to developing
  countries
• Sustain the development of these countries

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Differences
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Issues

• Sustainability versus survivability
• Poverty
• Debt
• Globalization
• Lack of democracy
• Lack of education
• Lack of health services

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UN Advisory Services
 Democratic Governance Poverty Reduction
 Crisis Prevention and Recovery Energy and
Environment Information and Communications
Technology  HIV/AIDS
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Democratic Governance
Legislatures Electoral Systems and
Processes Access to Justice and Human Rights
Access to Information Decentralization and
Local Governance
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Poverty Reduction
Millenium Development Goals Pro-poor
Policies Gender and Poverty Reduction Civil
Society, Participation and Aid Coordination
Micro Finance
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Measuring Poverty

• Poverty is ..private consumption that falls
  below some absolute poverty line.
• Includes number of people and severity, how far
  below the poverty line.
• Financial measures
• Human capabilities
• Environmental capacity

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Dual Notions of Poverty

• In absolute terms, one is below the poverty line
• In relative terms, one is deprived in relation to
  other social groups

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• Uganda achieved independence from the UK in 1962.
  The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was
  responsible for the deaths of some 300,000
  opponents guerrilla war and human rights abuses
  under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least
  another 100,000 lives. During the 1990s, the
  government promulgated non-party presidential and
  legislative elections.

• Population 26,404,543 (September 2004)
• Slightly smaller than Oregon note estimates for
  this country explicitly take into account the
  effects of excess mortality due to AIDS this can
  result in lower life expectancy, higher infant
  mortality and death rates, lower population and
  growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
  population by age and sex than would otherwise be
  expected (July 2004 est.)

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• Uganda has substantial natural resources,
  including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and
  sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt.
  Agriculture is the most important sector of the
  economy, employing over 80 of the work force.
  Coffee accounts for the bulk of export revenues.
• Since 1986, the government - with the support of
  foreign countries and international agencies -
  has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the
  economy by undertaking currency reform, raising
  producer prices on export crops, increasing
  prices of petroleum products, and improving civil
  service wages. The policy changes are especially
  aimed at dampening inflation and boosting
  production and export earnings.
• During 1990-2001, the economy turned in a solid
  performance based on continued investment in the
  rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved
  incentives for production and exports, reduced
  inflation, gradually improved domestic security,
  and the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan
  entrepreneurs.

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• Corruption within the government and slippage in
  the government's determination to press reforms
  raise doubts about the continuation of strong
  growth.
• In 2000, Uganda qualified for enhanced Highly
  Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief worth
  1.3 billion and Paris Club debt relief worth
  145 million. These amounts combined with the
  original HIPC debt relief added up to about 2
  billion.
• Growth for 2001-02 was solid despite continued
  decline in the price of coffee, Uganda's
  principal export. Solid growth in 2003 reflected
  an upturn in Uganda's export markets.
• Poverty 35 of population below poverty line

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Poverty in Uganda

• Individual level
• Lack of secure incomes
• Lack of or poor quality basics food, clothing,
  etc.
• Lack of household assets
• Lack of productive assets land, utensils
• Inability to maintain good health or well-being
• Dependency and helplessness
• Anti-social behavior

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• Household level
• Inability to provide for children and family
• Lack of support networks
• Excessive dependence on outsiders
• Community level
• Lack of infrastructure and remoteness
• Instability and disunity

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Pro-Poor Policies

• Examine the links between external policies and
  poverty
• External Policies fiscal, monetary and
  exchange-rate policies and trade liberalization,
  financial liberalization and privatization/de-regu
  lation
• Key Integrating into the global economy in a
  positive way

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Micro-Finance

• Micro-finance broad range of financial services
  for the poor including deposits, loans, payment
  services, money transfer and insurance to the
  poor and micro-enterprises
• Micro-savings
• Micro-credit
• Means Formal institutions (rural banks),
  semi-formal institutions (NGOs), informal
  institutions (money lenders and shopkeepers)

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• In Africa, women account for more than 60 per
  cent of the rural labour force and contribute up
  to 80 per cent of food production, yet receive
  less than 10 per cent of credit provided to
  farmers.
• The World Bank estimates at there are now over
  7000 microfinance institutions, serving some 16
  million poor people in developing countries. The
  total cash turnover of MFIs world-wide is
  estimated at US2.5 billion and the potential for
  new growth is outstanding.
• The widely-imitated Grameen Bank in Bangladesh
  aims to provide credit to those in extreme
  poverty. Some 94 per cent of those who meet the
  bank's criteria and take up loans are women.
  Grameen borrowers keep up repayments at a rate of
  around 98 per cent. The Bank lends US30 million
  a month to 1.8 million needy borrowers.

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• Studies have shown that during an eight year
  period, among the poorest in Bangladesh with no
  credit service of any type, only 4 percent pulled
  themselves above the poverty line. But with
  individuals and families with credit from Grameen
  Bank, more than 48 rose above the poverty line.
• It is estimated that worldwide, there are 13
  million microcredit borrowers, with USD 7 billion
  in outstanding loans, and generating repayment
  rates of 97 percent. It has been growing at a
  rate of 30 percent annual growth.

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Micro-Finance Examples

• Zaire Rickshaw Pullers Association
• India The Self-Employed Womens Association
• Cameroon Flash money
• Bangladesh Grameen Bank

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Crisis Prevention and Recovery

• Civil wars Liberia, Lesotho, Zaire, Rwanda
• Famine Ethiopia, Somalia
• Corruption Uganda

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Energy and Environment
Capacity 21 Drylands Development Centre
(formerly UNSO) Energy for Sustainable
Development Equator Initiative Global
Environment Facility (GEF) Montreal Protocol
Unit Poverty and Environment Initiative
Public Private Partnerships for the Urban
Environment (PPPUE) United Nations Volunteers
Environment Water Governance
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Information and Communications Technology

• Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
  is an increasingly powerful tool for
  participating in global markets promoting
  political accountability improving the delivery
  of basic services and enhancing local
  development opportunities.
• But without innovative ICT policies, many people
  in developing countries - especially the poor -
  will be left behind. 

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E-commerce in Bhutan
Monday, 27 October 2003 Women weaving colorful
traditional clothing in remote Himalayan areas of
Bhutan will soon be able to use the power of the
Internet to buy raw material from India online
and advertise their products with a click of the
mouse. Many Bhutanese wear hand-woven
traditional outfits, which can also potentially
attract international buyers. But weavers lack
market access and information regarding design
and color combinations in demand, and find it
difficult to acquire quality raw materials, such
as naturally-dyed yarn.
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HIV/Aids

• Now two decades old, the HIV epidemic has
  infected nearly 70 million people since it began.
• Some 42 million are living with HIV and AIDS and
  over 25 million have died.
• Needs a multi-sectoral approach
• Partnerships with international organizations

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Example of a Bright Spot Curitiba, Brazil

• Located in Brazilian state of Parana in southeast
  of Brazil
• Growth from 500,000 to 2 million in three decades
• One of the worlds sustainable development
  success stories

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Transformation of Curitiba

• Began in early 1970s when Jamie Lerner, a planner
  and architect, became Mayor
• He organized a major transformation of Rue Quinze
  into a pedestrian mall with kiosks and thousands
  of flowers
• Per capita income 2,500
• For 6 Kg of trash, residents receive sacke of
  rice, potatoes, beans, bananas and more
• Open University of the Environment
• Tough but clear environmental regulations
• Recycle buildings
• Open space went from 2 sf/person to 150 sf/person
  even as population tripled

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Are they happy?

• In NYC 60 say they would leave
• In Curitiba, 99 would stay
• 70 of Paulistas (residents of Sao Paulo) think
  life in Curitiba is better

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Measures of Curitibas Success

• Extensive busway system
• Five radial corridors with exclusive lanes for
  high capacity buses
• Several circumferential corridors
• Full system moves 1.5 million people/day or 70
  of the population
• Drop in automobile traffic by 30 over three
  decades
• Curitiba has highest car ownership rate in Brazil
  yet per capita use is 30 below comparable
  Brazilian cities

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