Module 4

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Module 4 Nutrition
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Nutrient Utilization
Animal
Intake Diet Digestion Nutrient
Pools Tissue Absorption Growth
Steroids ß-agonists
Probiotics Antibiotics
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Managers of
Body Reserves Nutrients Feeds
Diseases Animal Growth Product
(Metabolic) (Maintenance Growth)
Meat Milk Eggs Wool
Wastes
Gases
Urine
EuN N urea ammonia P
CO2, CH4 Rumen
CO2 Lung
Animal
Feed
Feces MFN NSC- Starch
CWC Hemicellulose Cellulose Lignin (N) Ca
Phytin P
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Total Nutrient Requirement (Factorial Calculation)
Maintenance Growth Pregnancy Lactation
Cow/Pig/Sheep
Bird
Maintenance Growth Egg
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Nutrients - 6 classes
Water Protein CHO Fat Vitamins Minerals
Amino Acid

Glucose Glycerol FA
ATP
Energy
Nutrient Requirements
Maintenance/Life

• Order of First Limiting
• Blood pH (Acid/Base Bal)
• Water
• Protein
• Energy

Interrelationship
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NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR PRODUCTIVE STATES
Growth
Pregnancy
Early-Mid Muscle Protein Keratins
Protein Hide Horn Feather Wool Bone
Minerals Late Finishing Fat Energy
Fetus (Protein, mineral, water)
Lactation
Milk 88 H2O 12 Solids Protein
amino acids Lactose Glucose Fat
Fatty acids, glucose Minerals Ca, P
Egg
Shell 37 Ca White yolk (Protein, fat, mineral)
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PHASES OF GROWTH
Growth Units
Birth
Time Units
Choice Beef Carcass, 30 Fat
Muscle
Fat
Growth Units
Bone
Time Units
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PHASES OF GROWTH
Late Maturing
X
Early Maturing
X
Growth Units
Time Units
Pigs Sheep Cattle Boar Ram Bull
X
Gilt
X
Barrow Wether Steer
X
Growth Units
Ewe
X
Castration
Heifer
X
Time Units
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PROPORTIONS OF CARCASS FAT
of Carcass Fat
Fat Type
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PROPORTIONATE GROWTH OF BODY TISSUES
Gain lb/day
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Differences in Fat Deposition
Subcutaneous fat Pork gt lamb gt
beef Intermuscular fat Beef gt lamb gt
pork Intramuscular fat Beef gt pork gt
lamb Kidney pelvic fat Beef, lamb gt pig
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SPECIES FAT COMPOSITION DIFFERENCES Per 100g
edible portion
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SPECIES FAT COMPOSITION DIFFERENCES
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Species Milk Composition () Differences
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IMPORTANCE OF FEED INTAKE







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PHYSICAL REGULATION OF FEED INTAKE
Can apply to nonruminant or ruminant animal
Gut fill bulk (distention) e.g. Hi moisture
content, water bulky, dilutes nutrient intake,
whey, food waste e.g. Hi cell wall
constituents (CWC) content


CWC
bulky, digestibility varies
NDF
Cell contents hi digestibility
hi CC, Low CWC, therefore intake greater ideal
NDF 30 - 40
(1) NDF related to intake in ruminant
(2) ADF related to digestibility NDF ADF
(Cellulose, lignin, Si, cutin) Hemicellulose
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STRUCTURAL PRESENCE/DIGESTION OF NDF
Correlated with DMD
Correlated with DMI
6h
36h
In vitro digestion, NDF
DMI NDF (CWC) Structural volume at 6h DMD
NDF (CWC) Availability at 36h NDF - HC ADF
C lignin Si
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Metabolic - Hormonal/Metabolite feed
back Nonruminant-blood glucose Ruminant -
blood VFA (acetate, propionate)
cholecystokinin (CCK)
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OVERVIEW OF FACTORS AFFECTING GUTFILL
Agronomic and Management
Age Temperature Lignin cell wall content
Plant species
Growing conditions Soil Stocking rate
Type of forage available
Rumen Function
Distension of reticulum and cranial sac
Size of plant particle fed Treatments applied to
plant material -NH3 or urea -Steam
-NaOH -Peroxyacetic acid to remove lignin
Rate of degradation of plant -Time spent
eating -Time spent ruminating
-influences saliva production -Trituration
during mixing -Microbial activity
NH3 Long branched chain VFA Minerals pH Energy
source Ionophores
Microbial activity
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OVERVIEW OF FACTORS AFFECTING GUTFILL
Rumen Function
Management/Environment
Fetus(es) and uterine tissue Abdominal fat
Capacity of reticulo-rumen for food and microbes
Endogenous buffer Exogenous buffer or
solute Drinking water
Salivation and fluid flows -Promotes
fermentation -Transports VFA to epithelium
-Transport small particles to the lower gut
frequency amplitude effectiveness in moving
digesta
Heat (-) Cold ()
Motility of reticulo-rumen
Distension of reticulum and cranial sac
Age of animal Silica content of food Specie of
animal
Efficiency of chewing
Ability of small particles to move through
3-dimensional matrix of particles in the
reticulo-rumen digesta
Roughage treatments?
Density of digesta
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OVERVIEW OF FACTORS AFFECTING INTAKE
Long Term Control -Physiological state
-lactation, estrus -N status
-Environmental -temperature humidity
-Photoperiod /or season -Production level
total energy demand
Short Term Controls -Distension of reticulum
and perhaps cranial sac -Osmolality of
the digesta? -VFA? -acetate in
reticulo-ruminal digesta -Propionate in
ruminal vein or liver -Hormones? -insulin -g
lucagon -gastrin -CCK
Palatability? Competing Drives with higher
priority than intake -survival in danger
-thermoregulation
Intake
Fixed Variables -Genetic makeup determining
capacity of reticulo-rumen -Body weight
Disease
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Nutrient Requirements
Animal
Rumen Microbes Ruminant Nonruminant Protein P
rotein Peptides AA Microbes/UIP Feed
protein Free AA NH3N NPN Energy Energy VFAs
C from CHO, protein Glucose By-pass starch Feed,
Starch ATP Fermentation of above
Gluconeogenesis VFA rumen (C2,
C4) Endogenous FA feed/body feed/body ATP T
CA cycle TCA cycle Minerals eg. Co, P
DIP
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Nutrient Utilization by Ruminants
Metabolism
Rumen
Diet
Blood Pools Amino Acids Glucose VFA
FA
Microbial Protein ATP S
Protein

N-Pool Peptides Free AA NH3

NPN
DIP UIP
Carbohydrate Starch Sugars

Liver Gluconeogenesis Propionate AA
Lactate
SI
VFA-Pool Acetate Propionate Butyrate
Lactate


Fiber Cellulose Hemicellulose

Glucose
Tissues Synthesis Protein (Mammary,
Muscle) Fat (Mammary, Adipose) Lactose
(Mammary)
Fat Degradable By-Pass
Glycerol Fatty Acid
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Protein Utilization
Energy ATP
Dietary Protein
Protein Synthesis Tissue Plasma Milk
Glucose
Feces
Urine
Ideally protein fed should be -Highly digestible
(minimize fecal N) Ruminant DIP 60-65 NH3
microbe UIP 35-40 bypass HQ AA for
host -Meet requirement. Excess NH3,
AA TCA urea -AA profile maximizes protein
synthesis -Not used as an energy or glucose source

• Proteins supplements are expensive
• 250-600/ton vs 100/ton for corn
• Initial cost addition Energy (ATP) to excrete
  Urea-N in urine.
• Waste full in terms of cost and nutrient
  management.

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AMINO ACID METABOLISM
FETUSES, MILK, ETC
AMINO ACIDS
LIVER
MUSCLE
AMINO ACIDS
GUT
AMINO ACIDS
ALANINE
GLUCOSE
NH3
NH3
LACTATE ORG. ACIDS
GLUTAMINE
UREA
GLUCOSE
AMINO ACIDS
GLUCOSE
BRAIN, FETUSES, MILK, ETC.
NH3
UREA
KIDNEY
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UREA CYCLE
NAD
NADH2
Glutamate
µ-ketoglutarate
CO2 NH3 H2O
Mitochondrial Wall
Urea
2ATP
O
2ADP
Carbamoyl phosphate
C
NH2
NH2
H2O
Ornithine
Pi
Arginine
Citrulline
Arginosuccinate
Fumarate
Production of urea wastes energy, N
AMP
ATP
Malate
Asparate
µ-ketoglutarate
Glutamate
Oxaloacetate
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Rumen Microbial Protein Synthesis
ATP
S
(Diet NS, 121)
Nitrogen NH3-N Amino Acids Peptides
Carbon Skeletons VFAs Br. Ch. VFAs
VIP diet contains degradable CP/CHO - Fiber
CP
CHO/Fiber
NH3
VFA
VFA
Rumen Fluid Concentrations
NH3
VS
Hour
Hour
Optimal NH3 10 mg/100 ml rumen fluid
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Role of Forages in Meeting Protein Requirements
Grasses
Legumes
5
10
15
20
Dietary CP,

• Dietary (DM) Protein Requirements of Ruminants
• Growth/Lactation 15-20 CP
• Maintenance/Preg 8-12 CP
• Ratio of DIP, UIP/CP 60-65 and 35-40,
  respectively
• Microbial Protein yield is dependent on
• Feed intake/substrates
• Rumen volume
• Rumen fermentation
• Rumen turn over rates (solids, fluid)

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Indices of Protein/N Utilization
Diet NPN

Blood (BUN) Milk (MUN) 10-20mg
AA
NH3
Urea-N
Diet Protein
Tissue Protein
Hi BUN or MUN gt20mg Result of AA
oxidation a. Diet protein -In
excess of tissue requirements -Low
quality/inferior AA profile b. Tissue
protein mobilization c. Excess NPNDIP in
the rumen Lo BUN-MUN lt10mg a. Limited
AA oxidation b. Protein deficient diet
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RUMEN FERMENTATION OF FEED CARBOHYDRATE FRACTIONS
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin
Fructans
Starch
Pentoses
Uronic acids
Galactose
Dextrans
Energy efficiency CH4 C3 C2
Cellobiose
Sucrose
Pentose pathway
Fructose
Maltose
Glucose
ATP
Pyruvate
Lactate
Oxalacetate
Formate CO2 H2
Malate
Acetyl-CoA
Fumarate
2H
ATP
Aceto- acetyl-CoA
Succinate
ATP
Succinyl - CoA
Acetaldehyde
Methylmalonyl-CoA
Acrylate
ATP
2 ATP
Propionyl-CoA
Ethanol
CH4
ATP
Acetate
Butyrate
Propionate
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CARBON METABOLISM IN LIVER CELL
Cytosol
Ketone Bodies
Lactose Synthesis Supply Fetus
Body fat
Glucose
Mitochondria
Acetone Acetoacetate ß-hydroxy-butyrate
ß-oxidation of long-chain F.A.
Phosphoenol Pyruvate
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA
Pyruvic Carboxylase
Phosphoenol Pyruvate Carboxykinase
Citrate
Oxalacetate
Oxalacetate
NAD malate Dehydrogenase
Cis Aconitic
NAD Malate Dehydrogenase
KREBS CYCLE
Malate
Isocitrate
Malate
CO2
µ-Ketoglutaric
Fumarate
Succinate
Propionate
CO2
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Shortage of Blood Glucose metabolic
diseases in ruminant
Cow-ketosis Ewe-pregnancy toxemia
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Avoid Over Conditioned Animal
Body Condition Scores
Dairy Cow
1 Thin
5 Fat
Beef Cow
9 Fat
1 Thin
Ewe
5 Fat
1 Thin

• D in Body Condition for the dairy cow
• At calving 3.5
• Decreases .5 to 1.0 unit during early lactation
• Mid to late lactation regains .5 to 1.0 unit

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BODY CONDITION (BC) IN THE EWE
SPINOUS PROCESS PROMINENT AND SHARP NO FAT
COVER TRANSVERSE PROCESSES PROTRUDE FINGERS PRESS
UNDER WITH EASE
BC1
Ewe is thin and unthrifty. Skeletal features are
prominent with no fat cover. The spinous
processes are prominent and sharp. The
transverse processes are sharp. Fingers can pass
easily under the ends of the transverse processes.
SPINOUS PROCESS ROUNDED BUT SMOOTH MUSCLE
DEVELOPMENT FULL NEED FINGER PRESSURE TO FIND
TRANSVERSE PROCESSES
BC3
Sheep are thrifty with evidence of limited fat
deposits in the forerib and over the top of the
shoulder, backbone, and tailhead. Hip bone
remains visible. The spinous and transverse
processes are somooth and well covered and
pressure is required to feel the ends. Loins
muscles are full and have a moderate degree of
fat covering.
SPINOUS PROCESS NOT DETECTABLE TRANSVERSE PROCESS
NOT DETECTABLE
BC5
Ewe is extremely fat with excess detectable fat
over the shoulder, backbone, rump, and forerib.
The spinous process cannot be detected even with
firm pressure. There is a depression between the
layers of fat where the spinous processes would
normally be felt, and the transverse processes
cannot be felt. The loin muscles are full with a
very thick fat cover.
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Expected weight changes in a 150-lb ewe
throughout the different stages of her yearly
production or biological cycles.
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LAMBING
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LATE GESTATION
10
EARLY AND MID GESTATION
TWIN
DRY
SINGLE
EWE BODY WEIGHT
0
BREEDING
LACTATION
WEANING
-10
-20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
MONTH
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USE OF FAT IN ANIMAL DIETS
1. Dense source of energy (ATP) 2. Source of
essential FA 3. Enhance absorption of fat soluble
viatamins 4. Reduces dustiness of diet

• Limit level of fat to 10 in the diet (adult)

Base diet 1-3 Fat
5 Fat
10 Fat

• For ruminant

Degradable fat
Rumen protected (Megalac)

• Why cant feed gt 5 degradable fat
• Toxic to cellulolytic bacteria
• Feed intake
• Free FA forms Ca soaps, therefore Ca
  adsorption

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Rumen Fermentation of Degradable Dietary Fat
1. Hydrolysis Glycerol Fatty acids VFA
2. Hydrogenation Unsat FA Sat FA 3.
Isomerization Cis FA Trans FA

• Future of Rumen Protected Fats
• Conjugated Linoleic Acid in adipose tissue
  milk
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids too!

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Managers of
Body Reserves Nutrients Feeds
Diseases Animal Growth Product
(Metabolic) (Maintenance Growth)
Meat Milk Eggs Wool
Wastes
Gases
Urine
EuN Nurea ammonia P
CO2, CH4 Rumen
CO2 Lung
Animal
Feed
Feces MFN NSC- Starch
CWC Hemicellulose Cellulose Lignin (N) Ca
Phytin P
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Feces
Reduce presence of

• NSC
• Processor grinding/rolling
• Steam flaked/gelatinization
• Rupture starch granules

CWC Harvest forages prebud NDF
30-40 Lo ADF, Lignin, Si, Cutin Hi
digestibility
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Feces
Reduce presence of
Ca Forages gt Cereal grains, Legumes gt
grasses Ca in alfalfa is Ca oxalate
Bioavailability of Ca in feeds 45 Dietary
fat Ca utilization, why? Ca soaps are
formed Ca absorption decreases in aged animals
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Acid-Base Balance
Blood pH 7.3 to 7.4 Growth/Lactation
Endogenous acid production Heat Stress
Respiratory alkalosis in blood Metabolic
acidosis in soft tissues
Rumen pH ideal 6 to 7 -Saliva production
critical -1/2 VFA should be neutralized in
rumen -Particle size of feeds critical
-Set forage cutter at 3/8
Fiber VIP Needed for saliva production Rumen
pH/Contractions
Metabolic diseases Acidosis Low milk fat
Displaced abomasum Milk fever
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Maintaining Acid-Base Balance

• Buffer the diet
• NaHCO3 0.75 in diet
• Cation-Anion Balance (CAB)
• Dietary Electrolyte Balance (DEB)

Ruminant (CaMgKNa)-(ClNPSiS)
Cations Anions
Dairy Cattle Precalving -45 to -65
milli eqv/lb DM Early Lact 225
Mid Lact 125 to
180
Poultry (NaK)-Cl Milli equivalents
(Conc)(ion valence)/(atomic wt.)
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OVERALL SCHEME OF CALCIUM FLUX IN THE LACTATING
ANIMAL
Non-Exchangeable Ca
Exchangeable Ca
Bone
PTH Vit. D
Dietary Ca
Ca
Ca-Prot.
Mammary Gland
SI Ca
Blood Serum
Vit. D PTH
lt7mg milk fever
Fecal Ca
Ca in Milk
PTH Vit. D
Kidney
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Ratio of CAP is VIP Diet 1.51 Why?
Blood/milk 9.56.0mg 1.51

• Availability of dietary P is a concern
• Plants contain phytin P, especially seeds
• Phytin P hydrolyzed in rumen
• Bacteria require P for cellulose digestion
• In nonruminants Phytin P not available unless
  phytase added to diet