The Upper Limb

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The Upper Limb

• Arm, forearm, hand
• Humerus
• Articulates with the scapula and the radius and
  ulna.
• Head fits into glenoid cavity.
• Tuberclesmuscle attachements.
• Surgical neckeasily broken.
• Deltoid tuberosity.

• Trochleamedialcondylearticulates with the ulna
• Capitulumlateralcondylearticulates with the
  radius
• Ulnar nervemedial epicondyle.
• Coronoid fossaanteriorulna
• Olecranon fossaposteriorulna
• Radial fossa

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Forearm

• Ulnaforms elbow joint with the humerus.
• Olecranon process
• Trochlear notch
• Coronoid process
• Grip trochlea of humerus
• Olecranon processolecranon fossa on humerus.
  Stops hyperextension.
• Radial notch
• Head
• Styloid processattachment to the wrist

• Antebrachium
• Radius ulna
• Articulate with each other at both ends.
• Radioulnar joints
• Interosseous membrane
• Radiuslaterally
• pronation

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Radius Hand

• Radius
• Superior head is rounded.
• Radial notch of ulna
• Concave superior surfacecapitulum of humerus.
• Radial tuberositybiceps.
• Ulnar notchdistal
• Styloid processmakes up most of the wrist joint.
• Important in hand movements.

• Hand
• Carpus
• 8 Carpalsgliding joints.
• Concave anteriorally with a ligament roof.
• Carpal tunnel.
• Median nerve
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges

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Pelvic Girdle

• Hip
• Functions
• Attaches lower limbs to the axial skeleton,
  transmits the weight to the lower limbs, supports
  the visceral organs.
• Securely attached to the axial skeleton by
  ligaments. Pelvic sockets (acetabulum) for the
  femurs are very deep.

• Hip bones or coxal bones
• Symphysis pubis
• Sacrum
• Bony pelvis
• Pelvic bones are composed of 3 separate bones
  that fuse by adulthood.
• Ilium, ischium, pubis

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Pelvic Girdle

• Iliumsuperior region of coxal bone.
• Iliac crests
• Iliac spines
• Greater sciatic notch
• Gluteal lines
• Sacroiliac joint
• Ischiumposteroinferior section.
• Ischial spine
• Ischial tuberosity

• Pubis
• Anterior portion
• Pubic crest
• Obturator foramen
• Symphysis pubis
• Pubic arch

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Pelvic Differences

• Female pelvis is wider, shallower, lighter, and
  rounder than that of the male.
• Acetabula are smaller and farther apart.
• Pubic arch is broader
• Sacrum is wider and shorter.
• Ischial tuberosities are shorter
• Sacral promontory
• Ischial spines
• Coccyx

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Lower Limb

• Thigh, leg, foot
• Thigh
• Femurlargest, longest, strongest bone in the
  body.
• Can withstand 2 tons of force per square inch.
• Head is ball like.
• Fovea capitis
• Ligamentum teres
• Neckoften fractured

• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Lateral medial condylesarticulate with the
  tibia.
• Patellaattaches at the adductor tubercle.
  Enclosed in the quadriceps tendon.

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Leg

• Tibia and fibula
• Interosseous membrane
• Join on both ends.
• Tibiofibular jointsallow little movement.
• Tibia
• Shinbone
• Supports weight
• Medial and lateral condyles
• Tibial tuberositypatellar ligaments

• Medial malleolus
• Fibula
• Head
• Lateral malleolusarticulates with the talus.
• Does not bear weight.
• Acts as a site for muscle attachment.

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Foot

• Tarsus, Metatarsus, and Phalanges
• Tarsal Bones8 bones
• Talusjoins the tibia and fibula
• Calcaneusheel boneAchilles tendon.

• Metatarsal Bones5 bones
• Form ball of the foot.
• Phalanges14 bones.
• 3 in each toe except the big toe or hallux.

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Arches

• 3 arches
• Medial longitudinal
• Lateral Longitudinal
• Transverse
• Held together by interlocking bones, ligments,
  and tendons.
• Fallen arches or flat feet

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Development

• Fontanels
• Soft spots
• Ossify by 1.5 to 2 years.
• Cleft palate---aspiration pneumonia
• Cervical and lumbar curvatures develop after
  birth.
• Hip dysplasia
• Spina bifidaincomplete vertebral arches