evolution of life convervation genetics

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Conservation Genetics
Biotechnology Conservation of Endangered Species
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• 1. ????????????????? conservation genetics
• 2. ???????????????????????????????????
  conservation genetics ???

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• ??????????? conservation genetics
• ????????????????????????????? conservation
  genetics
• conservation genetics ????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????? conservation
  genetics

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• The Clouded Leopard SSP is pleased to announce
  the establishment of a cooperative breeding and
  research program in Thailand that will support
  wild clouded leopard conservation and enhance
  breeding success in both Thai and American zoos.
  This project has two primary components
• a captive breeding project and a wild clouded
  leopard conservation and research project.
  

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• The last known Tasmanian Tiger, or Thylacine,
  died in captivity in 1936, but a team of
  biologists believe the animal's extinction may
  simply be a 70-year hiccup. 

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passenger pigeon (?????????????)
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Red pandas are one of a very few carnivorous
mammals that have specialized for herbivory
only Asian carnivore with the soles of their
feet completely covered by hair
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Passenger Pigeons of north America, now extinct
due to mans wanton extermination of a single
species,there is an insufficient population to
sustain the species and it cannot survive.
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The last free Quaggas may have been caught in
1870. The Quagga went extinct because it was
ruthless hunted down for meat and leather by
South African farmers

• The Quagga was a southern subspecies of the plain
  zebra with withers of 1.30 meter. It differed
  from other zebras mainly in having been striped
  on the head, neck, and front portion of its body
  only, and having been brownish, rather than
  white, in its upper parts.

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Endangered Impatiens gordonii with the Seychelles
Botanic Gardens and the Eden Project.  This
species has only been recorded on Mahe and
Silhouette islands.  For many years it was
thought to be extinct but two plants were
rediscovered on Mahe.  In 1995 a population of
some 200 plants was found on Silhouette.
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Conservation Biology Genetics Conservation
Genetics

• Animals, plants, and other species become
  endangered when their normal habitats are lost or
  altered. Effective management of ecosystems can
  help preserve threatened species.
• The science of Conservation Biology studies
  individuals and populations that have been
  affected by habitat loss, exploitation, and/or
  environmental change. That information is used to
  make informed decisions to ensure the survival of
  organisms in the future.

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• Conservation genetics is a mixture of ecology,
  molecular biology, population genetics,
  mathematical modeling and evolutionary
  systematics (the construction of family
  relationships). It is both a basic and an applied
  science. Scientists must first understand the
  genetic relationships of the organisms under
  study. Once this basic science is understood by
  scientists, management techniques must then be
  applied by wildlife managers to preserve
  biological diversity in these species.

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Conservation genetics the use of laboratory
assays and analytical tools to provide genetic
perspectives on the conservation of
biodiversity.  Genetic analyses may address 
inbreeding in small populations, hybridization,
strength and patterns of genetic variation in
space or through time, population
differentiation, and relationships among similar
organisms. 
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When Do Scientists Use Conservation Genetics?

• Habitat Destruction
• Duck and geese populations might be monitored
  because of new hunting regulations
• a population of plants may be studied if it is
  known that a shopping mall will destroy its
  habitat.
• 2) Change in Population Size
• natural catastrophes,
• environmental changes or mutations. ?sudden
  decreases in population size.
• reduce genetic diversity.

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genetic drift

• Changes in migration
• selective pressures
• geographical isolation

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How Is Conservation Genetics Done?

• 1. Define populations and areas of interest.
• 2. Observe the population. (known forms of the
  species, morphological features used to classify
  the different species, known or suspected
  relatives of the species?
• 3. Examining genetic characteristics of the
  organisms (DNA or protein evidence).? Form
  hypotheses about relationships between
  populations and/or species
• 4. Analyze the data by mathematical models. ? how
  much diversity exists, and the rate gene flow is
  occurring between populations.

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What Genetic Tools Do Scientists Use?

• 1. Comparison of similar proteins between
  species. Since the sequence of a protein is
  determined by the DNA sequence, comparison of key
  proteins in different individuals allows a
  portion of the DNA sequence of the organisms to
  be compared.
• 2. Differences in the number of chromosomes
  between closely related species. Especially in
  plants, the characteristic number of chromosomes
  in a species can be different from the chromosome
  number in a closely related species.

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Using chromosomes to classify plant species
One Utah species originally assigned to
Notholaena has 27 chromosomes.
Variations in chromosome number are even more
common in the plant kingdom. In plants,
chromosome number is an important indicator for
determining relationships between plant species.
Species of Notholaena from other states have
multiples of 30 Chromosomes.
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• Conservation Genetics of Wild and Captive Cats in
  Thailand
• After the completion of his carnivore survey in
  2002, Lon Grassman has partnered with Jan
  Janecka, also of the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife
  Research Institute, Texas AM-Kingsville, on a
  new study in collaboration with Dr. Whichan
  Eiadthong, Department of Forest Biology,
  Kasetsart University, Thailand. This study will
  use molecular genetics to enhance the
  conservation and captive breeding of clouded
  leopards and other wild cats in Thailand. The
  application of genetics to conservation provides
  critical insight into the history, current
  status, and future conservation of threatened
  populations.

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• Currently, no information exists on the
  population genetics of the clouded leopard,
  Asiatic golden cat, marbled cat, and leopard cat.
  Because Lon was able to obtain samples of genetic
  material from these species through the
  collection of blood and hair samples in his
  previous study, the team now has the opportunity
  to analyze these samples and estimate a number of
  genetic parameters. They will also examine other
  samples obtained from these species in previous
  studies. In addition, they hope to partner with
  the Zoological Parks Organization of Thailand to
  evaluate samples from cats living in captivity in
  Thailand's Khao Kheow Open Zoo

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• By analyzing microsatellite loci and
  mitochondrial DNA sequences, the researchers hope
  to examine
• the cats' genetic variation,
• effective population size,
• gene flow,
• population structure,
• relatedness, and
• kinship.

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• In May 2002 the Evolutionary Biology Unit at the
  Australian Museum in Sydney successfully
  replicated individual Tasmanian Tiger genes using
  a process known as PCR (Polymerase Chain
  Reaction).  These new discoveries and the story
  of the Museum's ongoing efforts have been
  exclusively documented by the Discovery Channel
  in The End of Extinction Cloning the Tasmanian
  Tiger, premiering in 155 countries world-wide,
  including Australia, on July 7 at 7.30pm.

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PCR ?????????????? DNA ?????????????????????????
??????? DNA ??????????????????????????????????????
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• In 1999 DNA was successfully extracted from an
  ethanol preserved Tasmanian Tiger pup sample (in
  EtOH). Additional DNA has been extracted from two
  other individual pups in 2001.  These other
  tissue sources included bone, tooth, bone marrow
  and dried muscle.

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• "The Australian Museum is absolutely delighted
  with yet another major breakthrough in the
  cloning project," said Professor Mike Archer,
  Director of the Australian Museum.  "This
  technique was an extremely critical step in
  producing sufficient amounts of Tasmanian Tiger
  DNA to proceed with the research and extremely
  good news for future steps in accomplishing this
  project."

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• The most significant breakthrough to date has
  been the replication of individual Tasmanian
  Tiger genes using the PCR process. These PCRs
  show that short fragments of the DNA are
  undamaged and undoubtedly Tasmanian Tiger DNA,
  and that there is no reason why these should not
  work in a living cell.

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• The next stage is to make large quantity copies
  of all the genes of the Tasmanian Tiger so these
  can be used to construct synthetic chromosomes.
• The film also includes exclusive
  behind-the-scenes footage of the extraction of
  Tasmanian Tiger tissue, the processing of the DNA
  and the next steps of the genetic engineering
  which could make cloning the Thylacine a reality.

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ex situ conservation
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(?????????????????????????????????????,
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??????????????????????????????????????? species
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Biotechnology Conservation of Endangered
Species
Artificial insemination
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Embryo transfer
Cloning procedures
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Artificial insemination ???????????

• Artificial insemination has been widely used in
  cattle farming.
• Frozen samples of sperm are thawed and
  introduced into females that are ovulating.
• The quality of cattle has been improved using
  selected males to breed entire generations.

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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

• Intracytoplasmic Sperm injection is a technique
  that microinjects the sperm directly into the
  oocyte.
• Only a single sperm cell is needed for the
  fertilization, therefore, a small sample from an
  animal can go a long way.

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Cloning procedures
Cloning procedures have been widely used in
animal farming for quite a number of years and
has proven to be very feasible. These procedures
can be modified for use in conservation biology
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Animal cloning
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• 20 adult deer were inseminated using sperm that
  had been thawed after being frozen cryogenically.
  
• Nine of the deer became pregnant ad produced
  healthy offspring. The black footed ferret which
  was once thought to have been extinct was
  rediscovered in Wyoming in 1981.
• A captive breeding program was very effective
  and eventually led to the return of some of the
  animals back into the wild.
• Three of five females that were hormonally
  treated to increase the chances of fertilization
  became pregnant and gave birth to live kits after
  being inseminated with thawed sperm.

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References
1. http//www.austmus.gov.au/archive.cfm?id788
2. http//gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/cons
ervation/
3. ?????? ??????? (2539) ???????????????????????
???????? ??????????????????????????
4. http//www.science.mcmaster.ca/biology/CBCN/gen
etics/khan.htm
6. http//www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/birds/gene/the_e.cf
m