Chapter 13: Closing the Frontier

1

• Chapter 13 Closing the Frontier
• 1866-1888

2
Engage

• Think about what it would be like if you and the
  other families in your community had to give up
  your homes and move to someplace you have never
  been. How would you react?

3
Section 1 The Frontiers Wars

• MAIN IDEA
• After the Civil War, the United States fought a
  series of wars against the Indians living in
  Texas. The defeat of the Indians opened West
  Texas to white settlement.

4
Why did American officials agree that the Indians
should move to the reservations?

• Continued Native American raids caused the army
  to switch from defending the plains to forcing
  the Native Americans onto reservations in
  Oklahoma.

5
A History of Conflict Frontier Wars

• Reservation Policy
• Kiowas raided a wagon train at Salt Creek in the
  Salt Creek Massacre.
• This caused the army to switch its policy.
  Instead of defending the frontier, the army would
  now force all Indians onto reservations.
• Fighting in Texas intensified.

• Soldiers Defending Texas
• After the Civil War, the U.S. government sent
  troops to help end the Indian raids.
• In 1867, tribal leaders met with government
  officials to sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty.
• The Indians agreed to move to reservations in
  exchange for food and supplies. The treaty
  didnt materialize.
• Indian Wars ended in 1881.

6
(No Transcript)
7
Why was the Red River War significant?

• The Army destroyed Native American horses and the
  food supply. To do this, the Army almost wiped
  out the buffalo.
• By the end of the Red River War, most Plains
  Indians lived on reservations in Oklahoma.

8
Critical Thinking What effect did the Frontier
Wars have on the Texas Indians?

• The Native Americans were forced off their tribal
  homelands and moved to reservations in the Indian
  Territory (Oklahoma).

9
The Frontier Wars in the Panhandle

• U.S. Strategies
• Soldiers attacked Indian villages.
• Troops captured food, blankets, and other
  supplies.
• Soldiers burned the villages and killed the
  horses.
• The army brought in buffalo hunters to destroy
  the Indians major food source.
• The buffalo hunters nearly drove the animal to
  extinction (complete destruction).

• Red River War
• The Texas Rangers, joined the final campaign
  against the Indians in the Panhandlethe Red
  River War.
• By destroying the Native Americans horses and
  food supply, U.S. troops were able to defeat
  them.
• By the end of 1875, most Texas Plains Indians
  lived on reservations.

10
The Frontier Wars in Southern Texas

• The end of the Red River War did not stop the
  violence in Texas
• Rio Grande Campaigns - Apache leader Victorio led
  Indian raids across the Southwest and Mexico.
• Buffalo Soldiers - Buffalo Soldiers were African
  American soldiers who fought in the Frontier
  Wars.
• Outlaws - Texas was a violent place in the 1870s
  and 1880s. Cattle thieves were common. Cattle
  ranchers fought against sheep ranchers. Bandits
  raided South Texas towns. The Texas Rangers
  helped control some of these problems.

11
The Frontier Wars - Assessment

• In the Medicine Lodge Treaty, the Indians agreed
  to move to reservations in Indian Territory in
  exchange for
• (A) the right to vote in national elections.
• (B) government representation.
• (C) food and supplies.
• (D) the right to practice their own religion.
• Who were the Buffalo Soldiers?
• (A) Buffalo hunters sent to destroy the Indians
  food source
• (B) African American troops who fought in the
  Frontier Wars
• (C) Vigilante soldiers hired to kill Indians
• (D) Quakers sent to peacefully run the
  reservations

12
The Frontier Wars - Assessment

• In the Medicine Lodge Treaty, the Indians agreed
  to move to reservations in Indian Territory in
  exchange for
• (A) the right to vote in national elections.
• (B) government representation.
• (C) food and supplies.
• (D) the right to practice their own religion.
• Who were the Buffalo Soldiers?
• (A) Buffalo hunters sent to destroy the Indians
  food source
• (B) African American troops who fought in the
  Frontier Wars
• (C) Vigilante soldiers hired to kill Indians
• (D) Quakers sent to peacefully run the
  reservations

13
Section 2 Cattle Kingdom

• MAIN IDEA
• The Texas cattle industry enjoyed huge growth
  after the Civil War. This led to large cattle
  drives and the establishment of vast cattle
  ranches.

14
Section 2 Cattle Kingdom

• Spanish vaqueros (cowboys) used lariats to round
  up cattle from horseback. A lariat is a long rope
  with a noose on one end.
• Spanish priests and soldiers were the first
  cattle ranchers in Texas. Early ranchers in Texas
  faced drought, disease, and theft. They had
  difficulty transporting cattle to market.

VAQUERO
15
Spanish Origins

• Who brought the first cattle into Texas? The
  Spanish priests and soldiers when they
  established the missions.

16
Anglo contribution

• Texas Longhorn were a mix of Spanish Anglo
  Cattle
• Texas' famed longhorn cattle are thought to have
  originated from Spanish and Mexican stock that
  ranged north of the Rio Grande, Some interbred
  with stray Anglo-American cattle from the
  southern states to produce, by the early 1800s,
  the true longhorn--lean in carcass, long in horn,
  and tough enough to thrive in south Texas rugged
  environment.

17
WHY?

• The cattle drives took place because before
  railroads driving the cattle was the only way to
  get them to market.

18
Critical Thinking Why did the cattle industry
enjoy a period of great growth after the Civil
War? What was the price difference between
cattle in the northeast and in Texas?

• The cattle industry boomed after the Civil War
  because
• there was a demand for beef in the North East
• There was a huge supply of cattle in Texas
• The railroad made it easier to ship the cattle
• Longhorns, worth 2-3 dollars in Texas were
  worth 20-30 in the East.

19
The Cowboys

• What was life really like for the cowboys on the
  cattle drives?
• Hard dangerous work, long hours, dusty
• Describe the typical cowboy during this time
  period.
• Most were in their teens or mid-20s.
• Often of small build
• 2/3 Anglo
• 1/3 African Americans, Tejanos or Mexicans

20
Life on the Trail

• The daily life of cowboys was less glamorous than
  what is shown in the movies.
• A manager, or trail boss, planned the cattle
  drive.
• Each drive had 11 to 18 men, including a cook and
  a scout.
• Cowboys kept a remuda (a group of spare horses),
  so they always had fresh horses available.
• The herd moved about 10 to 15 miles per day.
• Hazards on the drive included rainstorms,
  stampedes, extreme heat, rattlesnakes, river
  crossings, and attacks by Indians and bandits.

21
(No Transcript)
22
Trail Drives and Ranches

• When Missouri farmers objected to cattle from
  Texas being driven into their state, the Texas
  cattlemen brought their cows into Kansas
  Colorado.
• Three of the most famous trails in Texas include
  Chisholm, Great Western, Goodnight-Loving
• Famous ranches include King Ranch, JA Ranch the
  XIT Ranch

23
Famous Trails

• Famous Trails
• When Missouri farmers objected to cattle being
  driven into their state, the Texas cattlemen
  brought their cows to Kansas Colorado
• The Chisholm Trail ran from Texas to Abilene,
  Kansas.
• The Great Western Trail traveled through Indian
  Territory to Dodge City, Kansas.
• The Goodnight-Loving Trail ran from West Texas
  through New Mexico and Colorado to Wyoming.
• Drover - a person who moves livestock to market

24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
HugeRanches

• The King Ranch grew to more than 1 million
  acresabout as large as the state of Rhode
  Island.
• Charles Goodnights JA Ranch covered more than 1
  million acres.
• A group of Chicago investors owned the XIT Ranch,
  which was almost as large as Connecticut. Sheep
  and goat ranching also expanded in Texas in the
  late 1800s.
• Some Texans owned mustang (wild horses) ranches.
• Cowboy Legend and Reality
• Cowboys generally did not fight with Native
  Americans.
• Drovers tried to avoid Indians.
• Not all cowboys carried guns.

27
(No Transcript)
28
Cattle Kingdoms - Assessment

• Why did some states pass quarantine laws to keep
  Texas cattle away from settled areas?
• (A) To keep the cattle from destroying private
  property
• (B) To keep children from being hurt by the
  cattle
• (C) To prevent crops from being trampled
• (D) To prevent the spread of disease
• Spanish cowboys used lariats to
• (A) brand their animals.
• (B) round up cattle from horseback.
• (C) secure their supplies to the saddle.
• (D) make coffee over an open fire.

29
Cattle Kingdoms - Assessment

• Why did some states pass quarantine laws to keep
  Texas cattle away from settled areas?
• (A) To keep the cattle from destroying private
  property
• (B) To keep children from being hurt by the
  cattle
• (C) To prevent crops from being trampled
• (D) To prevent the spread of disease
• Spanish cowboys used lariats to
• (A) brand their animals.
• (B) round up cattle from horseback.
• (C) secure their supplies to the saddle.
• (D) make coffee over an open fire.

30
Section 3 Westward Expansion

• Why did many people stream into West Texas in the
  1870s? Native Americans were no longer a threat
  and railroad companies were building lines out
  west.
• What did the first settlers in West Texas Raise?
  Cattle and sheep

31
The Western Frontier After the Civil War

• Settlers move to West Texas.
• The states population doubled between 1870 and
  1880.
• Settlers used the idea of manifest destiny to
  justify forcing Indians off the land.
• Ranchers and farmers saw great financial
  potential in West Texas.
• Railroad companies promoted the settlement of
  West Texas by building railroad lines through the
  region.

32
Section 3 Homestead in Texas

• How did settlers gain homestead in Texas?
• Settlers gained homestead in West Texas by living
  there for 3 years.

33
Section 3 Westward Expansion

• What hardships did settlers face in West Texas?
  What groups were a threat to these settlers?
• Drought, lack of timber for building houses, lack
  of timber for heating and cooking, grasshoppers,
  rattlesnakes, rodents, eating wild game and
  blizzards
• Cattle thieves Native Americans

34
The Growth of Railroads
35
Westward Expansion

• What were the Fence-Cutting Wars? Why did they
  occur?
• Landless cattle owners resorted to cutting fences
  put up by farmers and large ranchers to gain
  access to grass and water they did this so they
  would be able to drive their cattle to watering
  holes

36
The Closing of the Western Frontier

• Ranchers put up barbed wire enclosures, fenced-in
  areas, to protect their cattle. Farmers put up
  fences to protect their crops. Some of these
  fences blocked roads and interfered with mail
  delivery.
• By the 1880s, the open range in Texas had been
  fenced in.
• Landless cattle owners resorted to cutting these
  fences to secure grass and water for their herds.
  Fence cutting caused an estimated 20 million in
  damages. In 1884, Texas passed a law making it a
  felony to cut a fence.
• Felony - a serious crime that usually results in
  jail time

37
Section 3 Westward Expansion

• Explain the ways settlers entertained themselves
  in the late 1800s.

Advance powerpoint for answer.
38
Section 3 Westward Expansion

• Explain the ways settlers entertained themselves
  in the late 1800s.
• Barn/house raising
• quilting bees
• religious meetings/church

39
Westward Expansion - Assessment

• Why were enclosures so important to ranchers?
• (A) Enclosures allowed them to control the
  breeding of their animals.
• (B) Enclosures helped protect their crops.
• (C) Enclosures helped them get their cattle to
  market.
• (D) Enclosures made sure everyone had access to
  water sources.
• What is a felony?
• (A) A minor crime that usually results in a fine
• (B) A serious crime that usually results in a
  fine
• (C) A serious crime that usually results in a
  jail sentence
• (D) A serious crime that is usually dismissed by
  the judge

40
Westward Expansion - Assessment

• Why were enclosures so important to ranchers?
• (A) Enclosures allowed them to control the
  breeding of their animals.
• (B) Enclosures helped protect their crops.
• (C) Enclosures helped them get their cattle to
  market.
• (D) Enclosures made sure everyone had access to
  water sources.
• What is a felony?
• (A) A minor crime that usually results in a fine
• (B) A serious crime that usually results in a
  fine
• (C) A serious crime that usually results in a
  jail sentence
• (D) A serious crime that is usually dismissed by
  the judge

41
Section 4 The Texas Rangers

• What caused Stephen F. Austin to raise a force of
  Rangers in 1823?
• How did the Texas Rangers change under President
  Lamar?
• How did the Texas Rangers help the U.S. during
  the Mexican War?

Advance powerpoint for answer.
42
Texas Rangers
43
The Rangers Organization

• Skills of Texas
• Rangers
• Skilled horsemen
• Expert marksmanship
• Excellent tracking skills

Characteristics of Texas Rangers

• Young, single men
• Few family ties
• Often retired by age 30
• Provided their own horses, weapons, equipment,
  and rations

44
Texas Rangers
45
The Rangers in Action

• During the 1820s Stephen F. Austin formed the
  Rangers to protect against Native American
  attacks
• In the Texas Revolution, the Rangers served as
  scouts and messengers.
• In the 1830s and 1840s, During Lamars period as
  governor, the Rangers played a major role in
  removing Native Americans from East Texas.
• During the Mexican War, Rangers scouted Mexican
  troop movements. They helped the United States
  win the Battle of Buena Vista.
• The Rangers fought against guerrilla fighters in
  Mexico. Guerrillas are soldiers who are not part
  of the regular army.

46
Section 4 The Texas Rangers

• What caused Stephen F. Austin to raise a force of
  Rangers in 1823?
• To protect against Native American attacks
• How did the Texas Rangers change under President
  Lamar?
• He wanted the Rangers to remove the Native
  Americans from Texas.
• How did the Texas Rangers help the U.S. during
  the Mexican War?
• They scouted Mexican troop movements.

47
Section 4 Texas Rangers

• What were the main tasks of the Rangers during
  the 1870s?
• Protect Texas from outlaws, rustlers, Mexican
  bandits, and Native Americans
• Additionally, the Frontier Battalion was
  responsible for ending cattle rustling.

48
The Texas Rangers - Assessment

• Who were Mexicans referring to when they spoke
  of Los Diablos Tejanos?
• (A) Guerrilla fighters
• (B) Cattle rustlers
• (C) Desperados
• (D) Texas Rangers
• The purpose of the Texas Rangers was to
• (A) help ranchers enclose their pastures.
• (B) establish law and order in lawless areas of
  Texas.
• (C) demonstrate Texas pride by showing off their
  horse riding skills.
• (D) make baseball more popular in the late 1800s.

49
The Texas Rangers - Assessment

• Who were Mexicans referring to when they spoke
  of Los Diablos Tejanos?
• (A) Guerrilla fighters
• (B) Cattle rustlers
• (C) Desperados
• (D) Texas Rangers
• The purpose of the Texas Rangers was to
• (A) help ranchers enclose their pastures.
• (B) establish law and order in lawless areas of
  Texas.
• (C) demonstrate Texas pride by showing off their
  horse riding skills.
• (D) make baseball more popular in the late 1800s.