Unit IV Prevention Measures for Unintentional Introductions Hitchhikers, Stowaways, Contaminants

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- Unit IV Prevention Measures for
Unintentional IntroductionsHitchhikers,
Stowaways, Contaminants
Randy G. WestbrooksRebecca M. WestbrooksSteven
Manning
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Unit Objectives

• Understand, discuss, and provide examples of IAS
  introductions by Commercial Shipping
• Understand, discuss, and provide examples of
  Aircraft related IAS introductions
• Understand and discuss break bulk shipments,
  intermodal containers, and other types of
  packaging as vectors of IAS

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Unit Session Outline and Agenda

• 1300-1330. Session 1.
• Introduction of IAS through Commercial Shipping.
• 1300-1400. Session 2.
• Break Bulk Cargo and Intermodal Containers.
• 1400-1430. Small Group Discussions.
• 1430. Small Group Presentations.
• 1500-1530. Break.
• 1530-1545. Class Discussion - Unit 4 Lab Exercise
• Visit to Dar es Salaam Airport (Wed. 13
  December).
• 1545-1600. Review of Major Concepts in Unit IV.
• 1600-1630. Unit Four Evaluation.

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Introduction to Unintentional Introductions.

• Hitchhikers, Stowaways, Contaminants Organisms
  Transported by Accident or Chance
• Border Clearance First Line of Defense Against
  Unintentionally Introduced IAS

Quarantine Significant Hitchhikers AQIS
1995-2000
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Session 1. Unintentional Introductions Through
Commercial Shipping.4.1.1. Ballast Water Hull
Fouling.

• Natural Spread of Marine Organisms
• Currents, Floating Logs, Debris
• Natural Barriers to Spread of Marine Organisms
• Temperature, Isolation of Continents
• High Marine Diversity
• Breach of Natural Barriers by Ocean Going Ships
• Sailing Ships
• Solid Ballast (Soil, Sand, Rocks) Major IAS
  Pathway
• Modern Ships
• Water Ballast in Tanks
• 3-5 Billion Tons Water/Yr.
• 7,000 Aquatic Species Moved Annually

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Ballast Water Exchange.
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Four Major Threats to Oceans

• Land Based Sources of Marine Pollution
• Overuse of Marine Resources
• Physical Alter and Destruction of Marine Habitats
• Aquatic Nuisance Species
• In Ballast Water
• Hull Fouling Organisms

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Empty Ballast Water Tank
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- ANS Factoid -
Between 1989-2000, control costs for zebra mussel
(Dreissena polymorpha) in the United States
(introduced to the Great Lakes in ballast water
from eastern Europe in the mid-1980s), was
about 1 billion.
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4.1.1.1. Case Study American Comb Jelly in the
Black and Caspian Seas.

• 1990s Depleted Plankton in Black Sea (Turkey)
• Fisheries Collapsed
• 1999 Detected in the Caspian Sea (Russia, Iran)
• Most Important Sturgeon Fishery

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4.1.1.3. Chinese Mitten Crab in CA.

• Burrowing Crab (From China)
• Introduction to USA
• 1990s San Francisco Bay, Delta
• Ballast Water
• Threat
• Native Invertebrates Fresh/Brackish Waters
• Commercial Fishing and Shrimping Operations
• Intermediate Host for Oriental Lung Fluke

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Strategies for Minimizing Spread of ANS by
Ballast Water.
A. Mid-Ocean Exchange.
B. Discharge Ballast at Dock While Loading Cargo.
A. OR B. ?????
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Strategies for Minimizing ANS in Ballast Water.

• Mid-Ocean Ballast Exchange
• In-Situ Biocides to Kill Organisms in Tanks
• Ozone, Ultra-violet Light Treatments

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4.1.3. Plane and Ship Garbage.

• Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks Many Traced to
  Ship Garbage Fed to Livestock
• Garbage on Ships and Planes from Foreign
• Kept on Board
• Incinerated

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4.2. Aircraft Related Introductions.

• Major Pathway for Rapid Spread
• 21 Hours Raleigh, NC to Dar es Salaam, TNZ
• Aerosol Treatments to Kill Hitchhiking Insects
• Mandatory upon Arrival in AUS

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4.2.1. Case Study Brown Tree Snake in the South
Pacific

• BTS Native to Papua New Guinea
• 1947 Spread to Guam Postwar Construction
  Equipment
• 1950s Sighted Inland from Seaport
• Late 1960s Dispersed Throughout Island
• Mid-1970s Endemic Birds Found Declining
• BTS 13,000 per Square Mile
• Extinctions
• 2/3 Native Bats
• 5/11 Native Lizards
• 9/12 Native Birds
• Electrical Outages
• Spread in Wheel Wells of Aircraft
• Hawaii, other Islands

Guam Rail- 1965 50,000 Birds- 1985 50 Birds
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Session 2 - Inspection of Break Bulk Cargo and
Intermodal Containers.
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4.3.1. Inspection and Treatment of Break Bulk
Cargo.

• Offloaded from Ship on Pallets
• Stored in Warehouses Until Released for Delivery
• Inspection Simple, Efficient
• Tent Fumigation If Necessary

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Case Study Snails on WWII Tanks from Portugal.

• July, 1982 Shipment of WWII Army Tanks from
  Portugal Imported Through Charleston, SC
• All Tanks Infested with Snails
• Dock Perimeter Salted
• Tanks Fumigated with Methyl Bromide

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4.3.3. Intermodal Containers Modern Shipping
Wonder Bane of Port Inspection.

• ICs Introduced in 1950s
• Streamlined Global Door to Door Shipping
• Convenient Loading Dock Inspection
• Tailgate Inspection Sometimes Totally
  Ineffective

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4.4. Commodity Packaging as a Vector of IAS.

• Solid Wood Packing Primary Shipping Material of
  Choice
• Threat Insects and Plant Diseases
• ISPM __ - IPPC Guidelines for Regulating Wood
  Packaging Material in International Trade.
  (2002).
• Unprocessed Raw Wood
• Pallets, Dunnage, Crating, Packing blocks,
• Drums, Skids
• Mandatory Condition of Entry Treatments
• Heat treatment, kiln drying, or chemical pressure
  impregnation
• Minimum core temperature of 56oC (123oF) for a
  minimum of 30 minutes
• Fumigation with methyl bromide

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4.4.1.2. Case Study Extruded Wire Shipments
from Ubisa, Spain Charleston, S.C, 1981.

• Origin Ubisa, Spain
• Mode of Entry Containerized
• Threat Wood Bracing Infested with Wood Borers
  (Cerambycids)
• Action Fumigated with Methyl Bromide

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4.4.1.1. Case Study Asian Longhorned Beetle in
the United States Contaminant of Solid Wood
Packing.

• Origin China
• Threat Hardwood Trees
• Maple, Horse Chestnut, Mulberry, Black Locust,
  Elm, Birch, Willow, Poplar, Green Ash
• 1996 New York City
• 1998 Chicago
• Treatment None
• Trees Destroyed
• Probably Mode of Entry
• Untreated Raw Wood Packing

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Major Concepts in Unit 4.

• Means of conveyance can serve as IAS vectors.
• 3-5 Billion tons of water 7,000 species of
  aquatic organisms are moved around the world each
  Year.
• Four greatest threats to Oceans ANS, Marine
  Pollution, Over Use of Marine Resources,
  Destruction of Marine Habitat.
• The most widely recommended strategy for
  minimizing the introduction of IAS in ballast
  water is mid-oceanic ballast exchange.
• Over the past 150 years, numerous outbreaks of
  foot and mouth disease in several countries have
  been traced back to infected meat that was taken
  off ocean freighters at ports of entry around the
  world.
• Cargo aircraft serve as a major vector for the
  spread of all types of IAS. Insects typically
  enter aircraft being loaded at random, but in
  greater numbers during the summer or rainy season.

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Major Concepts in Unit 4, Contd.

• Containerization helped to streamline the
  movement of cargo through ports of entry.
  However, it has seriously complicated the
  inspection of imported cargo for hitchhiking IAS.
• Raw, unprocessed wood, the primary material of
  choice for use as a cargo packing material, is a
  high risk vector for spread of numerous types of
  insect pests (e.g., wood boring insects, and bark
  beetles.
• (To be effective in addressing invasive species,
  you need to know what species are affected by
  IAS.
• Targeted Education Stevedores, Consignees,
  Final Users.

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Unit 4 Lab Exercise.

• 1. Port of Entry Inspection (e.g., Ship Hull,
  Ballast Water Sampling, Ship Hold, Dunnage,
  Aircraft, Break Bulk Cargo in Warehouse,
  Retrograde Military Vehicles for Soil
  Contamination and Snails, Container Inspection,
  Baggage Inspection, etc.).
• 2. Fill out the Following Port of Entry
  Inspection and Treatment Record.

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Global Invasive Species ProgrammeCape Town,
South Africa