America Claims an Empire

1
America Claims an Empire

• The Era of
• Imperialism
• (1890-1920)

2
Chapter 10The Expansion of America

• Imperialism- the policy by which a stronger
  nation gains economic, political, and military
  control over weaker territories
• By the 1880s, many Americans believed that our
  nation should establish colonies throughout the
  world

3
Reasons for Expansion

• Global Competition- nations of Europe had gained
  territory in Africa and Asia some expressed
  Global Manifest Destiny as the new goal of
  America
• Desire for Military Strength- many European
  nations were building a global military presence,
  the U.S. felt compelled to increase its own
  military strength

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• Thirst for New Markets- growth of American
  Industry and Technology allowed for greater
  production that exceeded demand, foreign trade
  was seen as a solution to overproduction
• Belief in Cultural Superiority- many Americans
  believed in Social Darwinism, survival of the
  fittest Americas responsibility to spread
  Christianity and civilization to the worlds
  inferior peoples

5
Alfred T. Mahan(1883-90)

• Outspoken advocate of Military Expansion
• Called for the building up of Americas Navy
• Urged the building of Naval bases worldwide
• Urged the Annexation of Hawaii
• Building a canal in Panama

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U.S.S. Oregon
U.S.S. Maine
7
ALASKA (1867)

• 1st Territory outside of the United States
• William Seward arranges the purchase from Russia
• 7.2 million
• Sewards Folly

8
Midway Islands (1867)

• Acquired in 1867
• 2 Uninhabited Islands
• 1300 Miles North of Hawaii
• Few Americans even noticed the event

9
Hawaii (1898)

• 1875- American Sugar Plantation owners allowed to
  sell sugar duty free
• 1890- the McKinley Tariff forces competition with
  American made sugar
• American Planters call for annexation of Hawaii
  so as not to pay the duty on sugar

10
Pearl Harbor Built in 1887

• U.S. Military pressured the Hawaiian Queen to
  give up the Harbor
• The best harbor in all of Hawaii
• Became a refueling station for American Ships

11
The Hawaiian Revolution

• Queen Liliuokalani is overthrown in 1891
• American businessmen in Hawaii with the help of
  the U.S. Marines
• President Cleveland orders the Queen be returned
  to the thrown

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Sanford B. Dole

• Lead the Hawaiian Revolution
• Became the President of the Republic of Hawaii in
  1891
• Pineapple Plantation owner
• 1897- Hawaii in Annexed into U.S.

13
Trouble in Cuba

• U.S. Interests in Cuba had begun in the 1850s
• Many American Businesses were located in Cuba
• Large Sugar Plantations
• Cubans tried 3 times to win their independence
  from Spain, all failed
• Americans sympathized with Cuba, only 90 miles
  from Florida

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Jose Marti (1895)

• Exiled to New York City
• Organized Revolution against Spain in 1895
• Attacked American Businesses to Provoke U.S.
  intervention into Cuba
• Cuba Libre!
• Killed by the Spanish in 1895

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Spain Responds to Revolution

• General Valeriano Weyler is sent to Cuba in 1896
• Restored Order
• Created Concentration Camps
• 300,000 Cubans imprisoned
• Thousands die of disease and hunger

16
The Headline War Begins

• New York City newspaper tycoons William R.
  Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer printed exaggerated
  accounts about Cuba
• Butcher Weylers brutality was reported daily
  by reporter James Creelman
• This sensational, exaggerated reporting became
  know as Yellow Journalism
• You furnish the pictures, Ill furnish the war

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The DeLome Letter (1898)

• Spanish Ambassador to the U.S., Enrique DeLome
• Newspaper Publishes a private letter that Insults
  President McKinley
• The American Public is outraged, angered

18
U.S.S. Maine Explodes

• Sent to Cuba to by McKinley to bring U.S.
  citizens home
• Feb. 15, 1898 the ship explodes and sinks in
  Havana Harbor
• 260 Sailors are Killed

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Spanish-American WarBegins

• April 11, 1898- President McKinley asks Congress
  to declares war on Spain
• April 20, 1898- U.S. declares war on Spain

20
Commodore George Dewey

• April 30, 1898- U.S. Navy attacks Spanish Fleet
  in Manila Bay, The Philippines
• Battle last less than an hour
• Entire Spanish Fleet is destroyed
• August 1, 1898- the Spanish army in the
  Philippines surrenders

21
Battle for Cuba

• The U.S. Army was ill prepared for war
• 125.000 Americans volunteered to fight
• Most officers were Civil War veterans
• Not enough guns for all Soldiers
• June of 1898- 17,000 Soldiers land in Cuba at
  Santiago
• 4,000 African-American Soldiers

22
The Rough Riders

• Volunteer Calvary Unit commanded by Theodore
  Roosevelt
• Supplies Paid for by Roosevelt
• Trained in San Antonio, TX

23
Battle of San Juan Hill

• July 1, 1898- Most famous battle of the war
• Calvary charge by Rough Riders and 2
  African-American Regiments
• Roosevelt is acclaimed the Hero of San Juan Hill

24
Treaty of Paris (1898)

• Splendid Little War ends August 12
• Lasted 15 weeks of actual fighting
• Terms of the Treaty
• Cuba gains Independence from Spain
• Islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to U.S.
• Spain sells Philippine Islands to U.S. for 20
  million

25
U.S. Rule of Puerto Rico

• The island had strategic importance to U.S.
• Military Rule from 1898-1900
• Foraker Act (1900) Congress ends Military Rule,
  the President would appoint a Governor and set up
  a civilian government
• The Insular Cases (1901) Supreme Court ruling
  that Constitutional Rights did not extend to
  acquired territories
• 1917- Puerto Ricans given U.S. citizenship

26
U.S. Influence in Cuba

• Teller Amendment (1898) Stated that the U.S. had
  no intent of taking over any part of Cuba
• Treaty of Paris (1898) Guaranteed Cuban
  Independence
• U.S. Military stays in Cuba until 1901 helps new
  Cuban Government set up schools, improves
  Sanitation, eliminates Yellow Fever

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Platt Amendment (1903)

• U.S. Insisted these provisions be added to the
  Cuban Constitution
• Cuba would allow no foreign power control any
  part of the Island
• The U.S. would have the Right to Intervene in
  Cuba (Protectorate)
• Cuba was not to go into debt
• U.S. would lease land in Cuba for a Naval Base

28
Issues in The Philippines

• Filipinos were outraged by the Treaty of Paris
• Emilio Aguinaldo called on his countrymen to
  fight for Independence
• February of 1899- the Philippine-American War
  begins

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Philippine-American War

• 1899-1902- 3 year war for Filipino Independence
• 70,000 American Soldiers are sent to the
  Philippines, many were African-Americans
• 20,000 Filipinos die, 4,000 Americans are killed
  in the war
• 400 million spent by U.S. (20 times what we paid
  Spain)
• July 4, 1946- Filipino Independence

30
U.S. Influence in China

• American Imperialists saw China as an opportunity
  for American Investment
• Railroad Builders saw large-scale Construction
  Opportunity
• Sick man of Asia- China had been weakened by a
  series of civil wars
• Several European Nations had occupies Coastal
  Cities in China

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The Open Door Policy

• 1899- Sec. of State John Hay
• Sends a series letters to other Imperialist
  Nations
• All nations should share Trading Rights in
  China
• This would create an open door in China for
  America
• No Single nation would have a monopoly in China

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The Boxer Rebellion (1900)

• Chinese resentment over European/American
  Influences
• Secret Society (The Boxers) to rid China of the
  foreign devils
• Hundreds of Missionaries and Chinese Christian
  murdered
• Armies from Britain, France. Germany, Japan, and
  U.S. enter the Chinese capital
• Thousands of Chinese are killed as the Rebellion
  is ended

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The Boxer Protocol (1901)

• Chinese Qing Government agrees to pay 332
  million for damages caused by Boxer Rebellion
• U.S. is awarded 24.5 million
• 4 million is given to U.S. Citizens for actual
  losses
• 1908- 20.5 million is returned to Chinese
  Government for Education of Chinese students

34
Second Open Door Policy

• 1901- John Hay issues a second series of letters
  to Imperialist Nations
• U.S. would safeguard the principle of equal
  trade in all parts of the Chinese Empire
• This paved the way for greater U.S. influence in
  Asia

35
Anti-Imperialist League

• Organization that opposed American Rule over
  people of without their consent
• Members included
• Former President Grover Cleveland
• Industrialist Andrew Carnegie
• Social reformer Jane Addams
• Novelist Mark Twain

36
America as a World Power

• President Theodore Roosevelt tried to promote
  America as a strong but respectful leader in
  international affairs
• Roosevelt was unwilling to allow European nations
  to control U.S. economic and political destiny

37
Roosevelt the Peacemaker

• 1904- Russia and Japan go to war over trade
  dispute in Korea
• 1905- Roosevelt mediates a peaceful end to the
  war
• 1906- Roosevelt receives the Nobel Peace Prize
  for the Treaty of Portsmouth, NH

38
Building The Panama Canal (1903-14)

• 1903- U.S. pays 40 million to French Company for
  route through Panama
• Pays Republic of Panama 10 million and 250,000
  per year for rent of land
• 1921- pays Columbia 40 million for loss of its
  territory in Panamanian Revolution

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Construction of the Canal
Canal Facts 11 years to build 43,400
workers 5,600 deaths 51 miles long
3 Sets of Locks that raise ships 85 feet Lake
Gutan connects locks to Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans
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John Stevens

• Chief Engineer of the Canal
• Railroad Builder
• Drained swamps to end Yellow Fever
• Built Roads through the Jungle
• Carved the Big Ditch through Gold Hill

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George W. Goethals

• Replaces Stevens as Engineer of Canal
• U.S. Army Corp of Engineers
• Oversaw Final Completion of Project
• 1st Governor of the Canal Zone 1914-16

42
The Panama Canal
Total cost of Canal 380 million
43
The Roosevelt Corollary

• 1904- added to the Monroe Doctrine
• European Banks had loaned millions of dollars to
  Latin American Nations to build railroads and
  develop industries
• Defaulting loans might cause issues
• U.S. would act as international police power in
  Latin America

44
Walk Softly

• In message to Congress in 1904
• Roosevelt used a West African Proverb
• Walk Softly and carry a Big Stick
• He would use force to protect American Interests
  abroad

45
Dollar Diplomacy

• 1911- President William Howard Taft
• Sends U.S. Marines into Nicaragua to protect
  American businessmen
• Adopts policy of U.S. Government guarantee of
  loans made to foreign nations by U.S. bankers
• Used to keep European interests out of Latin
  American

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Missionary Diplomacy

• President Woodrow Wilson gives a moral tone to
  Monroe Doctrine in 1913
• U.S. responsibility not to recognize
  non-democratic nations of Latin America
• Wilson would pressure nations to establish
  democracies

47
Porfirio Diaz in Mexico

• Military Dictator of Mexico
• Allowed U.S. investment for 30 yrs
• U.S. investors owned many railroads, oil fields,
  mines and ranches
• Overthrown in 1911

48
Francisco Madera

• Supported by peasants and workers
• Promised Democratic Reform of Mexico
• Was murdered in 1913
• Unable to bring reform to help the middle class
  and workers

49
General Victoriano Huerta

• Replaces Democracy with a Military Govt.
• President Wilson refuses to recognize the new
  Mexican leader
• a government of butchers
• Waits for an opportunity to act against Huerta

50
Invasion of Mexico (1914)

• U.S. invades Mexico after American Sailors are
  arrested in Tampico
• Wilson orders U.S. Marines to invade Mexico at
  Vera Cruz
• Huerta steps down as President of Mexico
• Venustiano Carranza becomes president in 1915,
  U.S. troops withdraw from Mexico

51
Rebellion in Mexico

• Pancho Villa refused to support new government
• Fierce Nationalist
• 1916- Villa attacks Columbus, NM and kills 17
  Americans
• Americans are outraged and revenge is demanded

52
John J. Black Jack Pershing

• Ordered to capture Villa dead or alive
• 15,000 U.S. Army soldiers entered Mexico in
  search
• Clashed with Mexican Army over invasion
• Never caught Villa

53
U.S. Intervention in Mexico

• Clear Model for American Imperialist in the 20th
  Century
• Belief in the superiority of Free-Market
  Democracy
• American attempts to extend this Economic and
  Political system

54
U.S. Foreign Policy in the 20th Century

• U.S. Goals
• Expand Access to Foreign Markets to ensure growth
  of Domestic Economy
• Build a Modern Navy to Protect U.S. Interests
  abroad
• Exercise International Police Power to ensure
  dominance in Western Hemisphere