Brain, Body, and Behavior

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Brain, Body, and Behavior
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The Brain
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Overview

• The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which
  contain more than ___ of the bodys neurons.
• The PNS carries messages between the ___ and ___,
  ___, and ___.

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Divisions of the Brain

• Central Core
• Part of the brain that joins with the spinal cord
• Limbic System
• Coordinating activity of the nervous systems
• Cerebral Cortex
• Part of the brain one can see
• 80 of the brains mass
• 70 of the neurons in the CNS

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Central Core

• Hindbrain
• Located at the rear base of the skull
• Common in all vertebrates
• Medulla
• 1.5 inches long
• Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
• Pons
• Maintains sleep-wake cycle
• Cerebellum
• Balance
• Coordinating movement
• Research shows it also is involved in emotional
  control, attention, memory, and sensory input

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Central Core

• Midbrain
• Located just above the pons
• Hearing sight
• Pain
• Forebrain
• Higher level thinking process
• Thalamus
• Routes all sensory information
• Hypothalamus
• Motivation
• Hunger
• Thirst
• Sexual drive
• Body temperature
• Emotions Rage, Terror, Pleasure

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The Limbic System

• Found in the core of the forebrain
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Amygdala
• Regulates emotions
• Establishes new emotional memories (fear
  self-preservation)
• Damage
• Tame/docile
• Fear/panic
• Unprovoked attacks
• Hippocampus
• Formation of new memories
• 50 First Dates

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The Brain
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Pituitary
Cerebellum
Reticular activating system
Amygdala
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The Lower Brain Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Pituitary
Cerebellum
The cerebral cortex covers, protects, and
influences the lower brain structures.
Reticular activating system
Amygdala
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The Lower Brain - Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Pituitary
Cerebellum
The thalamus acts as a relay station to send
incoming and outgoing messages to appropriate
areas in the brain.
Reticular activating system
Amygdala
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The Lower Brain - Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Pituitary
Cerebellum
The hypothalamus controls hunger, pleasure,
thirst, rage, and sexual desire.
Reticular activating system
Amygdala
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The Lower Brain - Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Cerebellum
Reticular activating system
Amygdala
The cerebellum helps you to stand upright and
keeps your movements coordinated.
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Cerebral Cortex

• Cerebral cortex
• Thin layer of gray matter
• Processes thought, vision, language, memory, and
  emotions
• Many ways to divide the brain
• 2 hemispheres
• 4 lobes

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Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the
brain and controls very high level thought
processes.
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Hemispheres of the Brain

• The cerebrum has two hemispheres
• Right Left
• The corpus callosum
• Connects right and left sides of the brain

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The Corpus Callosum is a thin band of tissues
inside the fissure.
Front
Right
Left
Rear
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Tasks of the Cerebral Hemispheres
The brain is divided into halves. Each half, or
hemisphere, controls the opposite side of the
body.
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Split-Brain

• Corpus Callosum is cut to end epileptic seizures
• Experiment
• See image in right field (left hemisphere) and
  are able to identify it
• See image in left field (right hemisphere) and
  are unable to identify it but can pick out the
  object by sense of touch
• Process of learning to read and use language is
  concentrated in the left hemisphere

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Two Hemispheres
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Righthanded vs. Lefthanded

• Handednessa preference for using one hand
• Not an absolute link to using one side of the
  brain over another
• 90 of people in the U.S. are righthanded
• Theories environmental vs. genetic

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Problems Associated With Being a Lefty

• Autism and dyslexia
• Schizophrenia
• Mental retardation
• Alcoholism
• Life expectancy

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Language

• Controlled by the left hemisphere
• Language areas
• Brocas area
• Frontal lobe
• Ability to talk
• Wernickes area
• Back of temporal lobe
• Processing and understanding what people are
  saying
• Listening
• Aphasia loss of language
• Brocas sequencing and producing language
• Wernickes understanding language

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Lobes of the Brain
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Frontal Lobe

• Planning of movements, working memory,
  problem-solving, IQ, character, morals, emotion,
  reasoning
• Executive Control Center for all lobes
• Damage creates a change in personality
• Lose ability to make judgments and control
  emotions
• Unable to lead a mature adult life

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Temporal Lobe

• Advanced visual processing
• Recognizing faces
• Interpreting facial expressions
• Hearing/listening
• Speech
• Appreciating music
• Balance/equilibrium
• Regulates emotions/motivations
• Anxiety
• Pleasure
• Anger
• Language comprehension

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Parietal Lobe

• Receives sensory information
• Skin, muscles, joints, internal organs, taste
  buds
• Temperature, pressure, texture, and pain
• Spatial abilities
• Giving directions
• Following a map

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Occipital Lobe

• Receives and processes visual information
• Damage
• Blindness or hallucinations (visual)

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Looking Inside the Brain
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Techniques Used to Look Inside the Brain

• Electrical recordings
• Lesioning
• Electrical stimulation
• Brain imaging

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Lesioning

• Brain tumors, strokes, head injuries all cause
  brain damage
• Lobotomy
• Rosemary Kennedy at age 23
• Infantile/Babbling
• Limitations/ experiments with animals

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Electrical Stimulation of the Brain

• ESB involves sending a weak electrical current
  into a brain structure in order to stimulate it
• The current mimics brain wave voltage
• Most ESB research is done on animals

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Electrical Recordings

• Obtain overall picture of the activities of brain
  regions (brainwaves)
• Strength and rhythm of neural activity
• Electro-encephalograph (EEG)
• Hans Berger (founder)

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Brain Imaging Techniques

• CT/CAT (computerized tomography) scans
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans
• PET (positron emission tomography) scans

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The CT Scan

• Computerized tomography (CT) scan a
  computer-enhanced x-ray of brain structure
• Assembling the images to form 3D picture
• CT/least expensive procedure

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Image From a CT Scan
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MRI Scans

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan uses
  magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized
  enhancement
• Much more detailed than a CT scan
• Most effective for seeing inner regions of the
  brain
• Track brain images over time
• Alzheimers

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PET Scans

• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
• Radioactive chemicals are used as markers
• Provides a color-coded map of the brain
• Records brain activity
• Reactions to stimuli
• Pain
• Tone
• Words

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Findings from PET Scans

• Higher IQ brains are less active
• Process information more efficiently
• Located brain damaged area in Parkinsons
• Effects of drugs

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Spinal Cord

• Communications Superhighway
• Connects brain to the entire body
• Neurons
• Descending
• Motor neurons carrying information from the brain
  to muscles and organs
• Ascending
• Sensory neurons carrying information from areas
  of the body and organs to the brain

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Name that Lobe

• Process language and information from the ears
• Process body sensations and spatial information
• Plan goal-directed behavior
• Process visual information

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Analyze This

• Susan has a degenerative disease that causes her
  to lose her balance easily and to move in a jerky
  and uncoordinated way. She cannot drink from a
  glass without spilling or touch her toes without
  falling over. This diseases is likely affecting
  her ____.
• Hypothalamus
• Midbrain
• Cerebellum
• Reticular formation

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Analyze That

• After a head injury a person reports that she is
  unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured.
  A doctor would suspect an injury in the ____
  lobe.
• Frontal
• Occipital
• Parietal
• Temporal

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Name the 4 lobes