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Cognitive Psychology Spring 2005 -Discussion
Section-
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Cognitive functions

• Perception

Emotion Motivation Action

• Attention

• Memory

• Memory

• Imagery

Categorization

• Decision-making

• Reasoning, problem-solving

• Language

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Full plate

• Finishing up memory issues
• Memory for General knowledge
• Intro to Categories
• 7 sins
• Rosch Mervis
• Nickerson Adams
• Exam Review

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Repressed memories

• A hot issue since the mid 90s. Number of
• Cases exloded. ? Into the thousands.

• People have been sued and convicted
• Of ghastly crimes (often involving relatives)

• Usually based on concept of repression
  (Introduced by Freud).

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Repressed memories

• While it is impossible to tell in an invididual
  case, some things are very troubling...

• Scientific concept of Repression is extremely
  shaky. No evidence that it can happen. In fact,
  the opposite seems to be true (PTSD)

• It has been shown that very vivid memory can be
  implanted into the minds of both adults and
  children. The subjects cant discriminate real
  vs. implanted memories.

• The process of recovery (recovery therapy) is
  very similar to the process used for artificial
  implantation.

• Evidently wrong recovered memories seem to be
  progressive, ? the reports of the abuse get more
  and more severe over time.

• People who solidly claim that they were abducted
  by space aliens and similarly outrageous stories
  usually have bad source memory.

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Memory for general knowledge

• Basic distinction Episodic vs. Semantic.

• Many differences

Endel Tulving

• Intuitively clear

State, Chicago ) ?
Repetition with invariant core
Knowing Facts, Knowledge
Ate, Breakfast?
Recall of Personal experiences
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Memory for general knowledge

• Semantic memory models

• Hierarchical model

Networks, Feature lists, etc. Very 70s and 80s
style. Inspired by Computer science

• Feature comparison model

• ACT model

• Schemata

• Scripts

• Connectionist models, neural networks

90s, Neuroscience inspired

• Episodic memory models ?

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Memory for general knowledge

• Hierarchical model

-Spread of activation -Nodes -Semantic
priming -RT based studies -Typicality
Semantic network
Hierarchical

• Feature comparison model

• Memory as a linked feature list
• Every concept consists of a set of elements
  (features)
• There are defining and characteristic features
• The more defining features, the easier. Explains
  category size effect (abstractness)

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Memory for general knowledge

• ACT theory

• A central psychological theory
• Combines working memory, declarative and
  procedural memory.
• Nodes, Production rules
• Conditions, actions
• Activated production rules create nodes

John Anderson
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Memory for general knowledge

• Schemata

• Organized information

• Contain fixed slots and variable content

• Questionnaire (template) model of memory

• Default values

• Scripts

• Schema for routine events

• Restaurant example

• Allows inferences, leaving things unsaid.
  Problem Intrusions.

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Memory for general knowledge

• Connectionist models

• Parallel processing
• Learning (unobserved)
• Layers (Input, Processing, Output)
• Nodes and Links
• Weights
• Increasingly popular, powerful
• Hard do damage, robust ? plausible

James McClelland
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Life without categories?
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? Categories have tremendous utility for
organisms.
? Categories make cognition efficient, language
possible.
? Mistakes in Categorization have serious
consequences.
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The concept of a category
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More realistically...
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The seven sins of memory by Dan Schacter
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What are the seven sins?

• Pride
• Envy
• Gluttony
• Lust
• Anger
• Greed
• Sloth

• Transience
• Absentmindedness
• Blocking
• Misattribution
• Suggestibility
• Bias
• Persistence

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Take home from seven sins
A central paper. You should be able to

• Transience
• Absentmindedness
• Blocking
• Misattribution
• Suggestibility
• Bias
• Persistence

• Name them

• Explain what they are

• Know empirical evidence of their reality

• Explain the adaptive system they derive from.

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Nickerson Adams
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Nickerson Adams
1 c
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Nickerson Adams
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Nickerson Adams

• Basic points

• Familiarity does not guarantee retention.

• Even if there were literally thousands of
  presentations of the information.

• Crucial are importance, which generally leads to
  the deployment of attention.

• In the absence of these, memory is poor.

• People are not necessarily aware of this.
  Introspection is a bad measure of memory for
  everyday objects.

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Nickerson Adams
? Study tip Try to think that the course
material is important and pay attention. Try to
care. That way, memory will naturally be much
better than if you just read/hear the stuff.
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Rosch Mervis

• Then
• Typicality effects in categorization

Rosch
Mervis
Louisville
Berkeley
Now
-Psychology of Meditation -Buddhist
Psychology -Eastern Religions, Embodiment
-Williams Syndrome -Genetic Neuropsychology
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Review for midterm

• 2nd midterm is on next Monday, as scheduled

• Topics are basically Memory and Categorization

• Try to study on the weekend. Email me for
  questions

• Material from Lecture, Book, Discussion section
  and papers. Look online for my slides.

• Dont panic, it could be worse.

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Concepts to know

• Interference
• Proactive vs. Retroactive

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• Explicitness
• Explicit vs. Implicit

Bla
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Concepts to know

• Encoding specificity

-Context effect -State dependent learning -Cues!
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Concepts to know

• Working memory structured STM

Central executive

• Memory structure

Knowing how to...
Knowing that...
Implicit
Explicit
Knowing
Vivid Recall
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Concepts to know

• Basic memory processes

• Sins of memory

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Topics to know
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Short term memory
Coding, Capacity, Retention duration, etc.
Serial position effects (primacy, recency, use).
Mnemonic strategies Chunking, rehearsal.
Working memory
Inferference (Proactive, retroactive)
Memory search (serial, exhaustive)
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Long term memory
Coding, Capacity, Retention duration, etc.
Levels of processing theory
Forgetting Decay, Interference, Overwriting
Encoding specificity State-dependent learning,
Context effects, spacing, cues, mood dependent
learning.
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Autobiographical memory
-Flashbulb memory (Vivid, yet not more accurate)
-Eyewitness testimony (Constructive, Post hoc)
-Repressed memories (Controversial, doubtful)
-Amnesia (Symptoms)
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Memory for general knowledge

• Dichotomies
• Implicit vs. Explicit memory
• Declarative vs. Procedural memory
• Semantic vs. Episodic memory

• Models
• Hierarchical model
• ACT model
• Connectionist model
• Feature comparison model
• Scripts
• Schemata

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Problematic concepts
Implicit memory vs. explicit memory

• Main differenceExplicit memory is verbal, can
  be verbalized.
• Implicit memory is nonverbal, cannot be verbalized

• To noteStrictly speaking, implicit or
  explicit are ways to probe memory, not
  necessarily properties of the system itself!
• Even if, the systems are not symmetric. Semantic
  memory is NOT implicit.

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Problematic concepts
Serial position effects
Primacy and Recency effect in recalling lists
Usage Evidence for difference between STM and LTM
Primacy LTM
Recency STM
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Problematic concepts
Declarative memory
NOT a memory for specific events.
Conceptually, its everything in memory that can
be verbalized. A super-category including both
episodic and semantic memory. It is EXPLICIT.
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Problematic concepts
Procedural memory
NOT memory for routine activities like restaurant
visits. Confusion with Scripts.
Procedural memory cannot be verbalized!
It contains information about actions and their
sequences. Know how (to)
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Good luck!