PowerPoint Presentation - Lecture

1
www the world-wide web fdm 20c introduction
to digital media lecture 08.04.2004
warren sack / film digital media department /
university of california, santa cruz
2
waiting list

• 1. Kelley Lutter
• 2. Drew Little
• 3. Colin Reeves-Fortney
• 4. Frank Latt
• 5. Pauline Sales
• 6. Janae Patino
• 7. Dan Kendall
• 8. Kevin Simpson
• 9. Stephen Conway
• 10. David Pene
• 11. David Merino
• 12. Michael Osorio

3
waiting list

• 13. Karina Sainz
• 14. Marc Moorer
• 15. Jill Narciso
• 16. Scott Miyamoto
• 17. Kassandra Krause
• 18. Tyler Parkford
• 19. Thomas Mazawa
• 20. John Chou
• 21. Benjamin Manoochehr
• 22. Manfred Lee
• 23. Jonathan Freeman
• 24. Wendy Kordesch

4
waiting list

• 25. Sherman Ng
• 26. Andrew Drinnan
• 27. Nicole Kunzik
• 28. Matthew Hermosillo
• 29. Caitlin Gilroy
• 30. Rebecca Reiner
• 31. Sarah McCaig
• 32. Joanna Leung
• 33. Victor John Irwin
• 34. Colin McNany
• 35. Hassan Alyassin
• 36. Brian Whitney

5
waiting list

• 37. Ngoc Nguyen
• 38. Susan Yong-Tim
• 39. Noelle Alyassini
• 40. Kerby Olsen
• 41. Daniel Ebrahemi
• 42. Stephen Nesbitt
• 43. Andrew Borrelli
• 44. Igor Zingerman
• 45. Melissa Mabie
• 46. Cynthia Sarah Singh

6
last time

• what are digital media?
• two more key points for the course
• tristan tzara, william burroughs, david bowie and
  the method of cut-ups overview of
  mini-project one
• vannevar bush and his essay as we may think
• who is douglas engelbart?
• a reading of augmenting human intellect
• douglas engelbarts famous demo
• who is ted nelson?
• hypertext as a new form of reading and writing
• mini-project 1 assigned due next tuesday (april
  13th)

7
last time specific questions

• focus on hypertext one way that digital media
  has been understood is as new forms of writing,
  reading and thinking.
• who is tristan tzara?
• who is william burroughs?
• who is david bowie?
• what is the cut-up method?
• who was vannevar bush?
• who is douglas engelbart?
• who is ted nelson?
• is hypertext a form of thought? of reading? of
  writing?

8
last time general reading questions

• what problem does this research address?
• what is the stated motivation of the research?
• who funded this research?
• what is the economics of the work (i.e., who will
  buy it?, sell it?, use it?)
• what is the stated genealogy of the technology?
• who are the dramatis personae of the article?
• what narrative strategies are employed in the
  article?
• othering who are we? who are they? whats
  a what and who is a who?
• what is thinking? what is reading? what is
  writing?
• where was this published?
• who is the intended audience?
• what texts are cited in this text?

9
key points (so far)

1. When technologies connect or separate people,
   they become media.
2. Technologies embody social, political, cultural,
   economic and philosophical ideas and
   relationships.
3. When a medium is new, it is often used to
   simulate old media.
4. New media do not replace old media, they displace
   them.

10
key point

• People make media and then media make people.
• This is another paraphrase from Marshall
  McLuhans book Understanding Media which was, in
  turn, a paraphrase of something Winston Churchill
  said about architecture.

11
outline for today

• the web as a technology
• who is tim berners-lee?
• an abbreviated reading of the world-wide web by
  berners-lee, et al.
• what are URIs, universal resource identifiers?
• what is HTML, the hypertext markup language?
• what is HTTP, the hypertext transfer protocol?
• the web as an art form
• lisa jevbratt (11)
• mark napier (shredder)
• rsg collective (carnivore)

12
tim berners-lee cv

• education
• b.a., physics, queens college, oxford university
• employment
• senior research scientist, laboratory for
  computer science (lcs), mit and,
• 3com founders chair, lcs, mit and,
• director of the world-wide web consortium
• software engineer, cern, the european particle
  physics laboratory in geneva, switzerland
• fellowship at cern
• software engineer, image computer systems ltd.
• consultant at cern
• software engineer, d.j. nash ltd., dorsett, uk
• software engineer, plessey telecommunications
  ltd., poole/dorsett, uk

13
questions the world-wide web

• what is the stated motivation of the research?
• The WWW was developed to be a pool of human
  knowledge, which would allow collaborators in
  remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects
  of a common project.
• what problem does this research address?
• Originally the work was to provide a graphical
  interface to a set of distributed files used in
  physics project management at CERN.

14
questions (continued)

• who funded this research?
• Currently and/or previously supported by CERN,
  DARPA, the European Commission, INRIA (Institut
  National de Recherche en Informatique et
  Automatique), Keio University of Japan (Shonan
  Fujisawa Campus), ERCIM (European Research
  Consortium in Informatics and Mathematics), MIT
  and the WWW Consortium.
• what is the economics of the work?
• the economics of standards
• what is the stated genealogy of the technology?
• (bushs memex nelsons writings on hypertext
  berners-lees early implementations)

15
questions (continued)

• who is the intended audience?
• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
• Communications of the ACM see www.acm.org
• who are the dramatis personae of the article?
• humans, physicists, engineers
• what narrative strategies are employed in the
  article?
• origin story, technical reference, how-to manual
• othering who are we? who are they?
• consider the competing standards (e.g., wais,
  gopher, ftp) and the existing utopic writings
  (e.g., xanadu)

16
questions (continued)

• what is thinking/ reading / writing ?
• see nelson and engelbart
• what other texts are cited?
• definitions of various standards

17
what is the www?

• answer 1
• a collaboratively authored hypertext
• answer 2
• it is a standard

18
organizations and standards

• writing standards is a process of collaborative
  writing
• the practical politics of classifying and
  standardizing There are two aspects of these
  politics arriving at categories and standards,
  and, in the process, deciding what will be
  visible within the system (and of course what
  will thus then be invisible). The negotiated
  nature of standards and classifications follows
  from indeterminacy and multiplicity that whatever
  appears as universal or, indeed, standard, is the
  result of negotiations or conflict. How do these
  negotiations take place? Who determines the final
  outcome in preparing a formal classification?
  Visibility issues arise as one decides where to
  make the cuts in the system, for example, down to
  what level of detail one specifies a description
  of work, of an illness, of a setting. Because
  there are always advantages and disadvantages to
  being visible, this becomes crucial in the
  workability of the schema.
• Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star, How
  things (actor-net)work Classification, magic and
  the ubiquity of standards, http//weber.ucsd.edu/
  gbowker/actnet.html

19
who wrote/influenced the www standards?

• what is the international standards organization
  (iso)?
• what is the internet engineering task force
  (ietf)?
• what is a request for comments (rfc)?
• who belongs to the world-wide web consortium?

20
iso international standards organization

• ISO is a network of national standards institutes
  from 145 countries working in partnership with
  international organizations, governments,
  industry, business and consumer representatives.
  It acts as a bridge between public and private
  sector. It has created over 12,000 standards.
• ISO standards are developed according to the
  following principles
• Consensus The views of all interests are taken
  into account manufacturers, vendors and users,
  consumer groups, testing laboratories,
  governments, engineering professions and research
  organizations.
• Industry-wide Global solutions to satisfy
  industries and customers worldwide.
• Voluntary International standardization is
  market-driven and therefore based on voluntary
  involvement of all interests in the market-place.
• from the ISO website www.iso.ch

21
ietf internet engineering task force

• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a
  large open international community of network
  designers, operators, vendors, and researchers
  concerned with the evolution of the Internet
  architecture and the smooth operation of the
  Internet. It is open to any interested
  individual.
• The actual technical work of the IETF is done in
  its working groups, which are organized by topic
  into several areas (e.g., routing, transport,
  security, etc.). Much of the work is handled via
  mailing lists. The IETF holds meetings three
  times per year.

22
rfc request for comments

• Each distinct version of an Internet
  standards-related specification is published as
  part of the "Request for Comments" (RFC) document
  series. This archival series is the official
  publication channel for Internet standards
  documents and Internet community. RFCs can be
  obtained from a number of Internet hosts using
  anonymous FTP, gopher, World Wide Web, and other
  Internet document-retrieval systems e.g.,
  www.ietf.org/rfc. The RFC series of documents
  on networking began in 1969 as part of the
  original ARPA wide-area networking (ARPANET)
  project.
• Some RFCs document Internet Standards. These
  RFCs form the 'STD subseries of the RFC series.
  When a specification has been adopted as an
  Internet Standard, it is given the additional
  label "STDxxx", but it keeps its RFC number and
  its place in the RFC series.
• Some RFCs standardize the results of community
  deliberations about statements of principle or
  conclusions about what is the best way to perform
  some operations or IETF process function. These
  RFCs form the specification has been adopted as a
  BCP, it is given the additional label "BCPxxx",
  but it keeps its RFC number and its place in the
  RFC series.
• Not all specifications of protocols or services
  for the Internet should or will become Internet
  Standards or BCPs. Such non-standards track
  specifications are not subject to the rules for
  Internet standardization. Non-standards track
  specifications may be published directly as
  "Experimental" or "Informational" RFCs at the
  discretion of the RFC Editor

23
w3c world-wide web consortium

• 414 current members http//www.w3.org/Consortium/
  Member/List
• want to join?
• full membership 57,500/year
• affiliate membership 5,750/year

24
uri universal resource identifier

• examples
• http//dmedia.ucsc.edu/FDM20c/Spring2004/
• mailtowsack_at_ucsc.edu
• ftp//dmedia.ucsc.edu

25
html hypertext markup language

• try view --gt source in your web browser
• html is derived from sgml
• sgml was created by charles goldfarb and others
  originally as an ibm project on integrated law
  office information systems. sgml is intended to
  be a means to make explicit the content and
  structure of a document. compare this approach
  to the visual means of graphic design.

26
http hypertext transfer protocol

• http is an internet protocol designed for
  transfering information for hypertext documents.
• what is a network protocol? a set of rules used
  when computers send information across the
  network
• compare this to ftp, smtp, nntp, etc.
• for more on protocols and how they work see
  http//artstream.ucsc.edu/film170a/Winter2003/note
  s-for-12-feb-03.html

27
http experiments to try on your computer

• the simpliest web browser from os x or your cats
  unix account, try fetching the front page of
  Google using telnet with the following sequence
  of commands
• telnet www.google.com 80
• get / http/1.0
• a trace of what the web server sees examine the
  access_log of your apache web server
  /private/var/logs/httpd/access_log
• watching the traffic between the browser and he
  server if you have mac os x, try running tcpflow
  or tcpdump
• sudo /usr/local/bin/tcpflow -i en0 -c port 80

28
what is the www?

• answer 3
• the www is a vast, heterogeneous network of
  people and machines
• how big is the web?
• http//www.searchenginewatch.com
• how fast is the web?
• http//www.internetweather.com/
• what is the history of the web?
• http//www.archive.org/
• what does the web look like in-the-large?
  http//www.cybergeography.org/atlas/atlas.html

29
lisa jevbratt

• 11
• what is an IP address?
• what is a URI?
• what is a web crawler?
• what is a search engine?

30
mark napier

• shredder
• what is HTML?
• what is a web client? a browser?

31
rsg collective

• carnivore
• what is a packet sniffer?
• what is a protocol?
• what is HTTP?
• who is watching you?

32
next time social networks

• whos your friendster?