After WWII, Germany was carved up into four zones of occupation'

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After WWII, Germany was carved up into four
zones of occupation.
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Each zone was controlled by a different ally US,
Great Britain, the USSR, and France.
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The Allies established the Nuremberg trials to
prosecute war crimes.
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The United States, under the Marshall Plan,
poured in 13 billion to help the Europeans
rebuild after the war.
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1947 Truman Doctrine-President Truman Warned the
Soviet Union that the US would act to halt the
spread of communism.
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Believed the best way to stop the spread of
communism was to contain it.
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Containment Theory

• Confront the Soviet Union whenever and wherever
  it sought to expand Communism

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USA and Soviet Union involved in a chronic state
of hostility from 1947-1989. This was called the
Cold War.
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America and West European countries form the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
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NATO was a defensive alliance of Western European
nations against the communist East European
nations.
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Senator Joseph McCarthy proclaimed that he had a
list of 205 known communist working in the US
government.
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McCarthy pointed fingers, raised suspicions, and
accused people of being Communists.
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He just never proved it. Many people had their
lives and reputations destroyed.
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of being
communist spies and for giving atomic bomb
secrets to the Soviets.
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They were the first civilians to be executed for
espionage.
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Eastern Europe falls to the Communists. In 1949,
China also becomes communist.
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US determined not to let Communism to spread any
further.
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After WWII, Korea was divided at the 38th
Parallel. Soviet Union Controlled the north and
US controlled the south.
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August 1948The US controlled southern zone
became the Republic of Korea.
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In North Korea, the communists created the
Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea in Sept
1948.
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June 25, 1950, communist back forces from North
Korea invaded South Korea.
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US as United Nations to condemn the invasion.
United Nations asked to help defend South Korea.
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UN agrees to send troops to help South Korea.
USA sends the most troops and to the cause.
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North Korean troops trained and supplied by
Chinese and Soviets. South Koreans pushed to the
southern tip of their country.
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Gen Douglas MacArthur Lands UN forces at Inchon
and pushes North Koreans back to 38th parallel.
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China sends in 180,000 troops into war. Gen.
MacArthur wants to send UN troops into China to
retaliate. President Truman and UN tell
MacArthur no.
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Gen. MacArthur criticizes Truman for not letting
him attack. Truman fire Gen. MacArthur.
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By 1951, war was a stalemate. War didnt end
until July 1953.
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After WWII, Western Capitalist nations and the
eastern European and Asian communist nations
squared off for a Cold War.
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A policy of containing communism and a fear of
touching off a nuclear World War III dominated
American foreign policy in the postwar years.
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In 1956 the Interstate Highway act was passed
that built new highway across the US.
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July 1948 President Truman desegregates the armed
forces.
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This order helped began a gradual revolution in
the USA.
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Businesses off base had to serve all personnel,
white black. If business refused to serve a
black soldier, it would be declared off limits
by commander.
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Plessy v. Ferguson and the Jim Crow laws
segregated facilities in the South.
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Facilities were separated but never equal.
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Post WWII, African Americans in large numbers
migrated from the rural south to Industrial North
for jobs.
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Industry welcomed this cheap source of labor, but
many working-class whites were hostile because
didnt like job competition.
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Montgomery Alabama (1955)

• It was a crime for a black person to sit at the
  front of a bus.
• Rosa Parks refused to yield her seat to a white
  person and was thrown in jail.

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African American of Montgomery, Al, boycotted the
city buses for over 1 year. They were led by
Rev.Martin Luther King.
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Martin Luther King then led a national civil
rights movement. He used Mahatma Gandhi
principal of nonviolent civil disobedience.
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May 1954 Brown V Topeka Board of Education

• Declared Segregation illegal.

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Malcolm X

• Leader of Black Muslims.
• Preach self-reliance and self defense. Falsely
  Accused of promoting violence.

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Oct 1957, Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the
first satellite, into space.
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Scared US because its biggest enemy demonstrated
to the world its technological superiority.
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Started a Space Race between USA and USSR.
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Early on USSR was winning Space Race. IN 1961
the Soviet put a man, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin,
into orbit.
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1 month later, US put Alan Shepard on a 15 minute
suborbital flight (May 1961.)
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After Truman, Eisenhower becomes President. Then
John F. Kennedy.
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1961 JFK approves a CIA plan to us Cuban exiles
to invade Cuba. They were to land at the Bay of
Pigs and overthrow Fidel Castro.
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Attack fails horrible. JFK looks bad. Soviet
leader Khrushchev send nuclear missiles to help
defend Cuba.
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JFK tell Soviet they violated the Monroe Doctrine
and must remove missles.
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Khrushchev refuses. Oct 1962, JFK blockades Cuba.
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Khrushchev backs down after JFK promises never to
invade Cuba and remove nuclear missiles from
Turkey.
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JKF assassinated in Dallas, Nov. 1963. Lyndon
Baines Johnson become president.
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Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for shooting JFK.
Oswald was then shot by Jack Ruby while be
transferred from city to county jail.
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LBJ launches the Great Society and War on
Poverty. Pushed government aid/programs to help
poor.
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Communist try to expand influence in Asia. In
mid-1940s US sends aid to France to help fight
communism in France.
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By 1950 US sends military advisors . By 1953
US was funding 80 of cost of Frances war effort.
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President Eisenhower asked why US funding French
fight against communists in Vietnam.
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Eisenhower replied You have a row of dominoes
set up. You knock over the first one, and what
will happen to the last one is the certainty it
will go over very quickly
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Known as the Domino Theory. Was the basis for
US involvement in Vietnam.
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JFK dies, LBJ escalates the war. 1962 US has
6,400 military advisors in Vietnam. By 1965
LBJ sends 23,000 advisors .
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LBJs plan was to gradually escalate the war
without getting the USSR and China involved.
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LBJ realizes war could not be won by American
intervention, and pushed for Vietnamizationgiving
the South Vietnamese the tools/training to take
over the war.
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Jan 1968, on a Vietnamese lunar holiday called
Tet, the North Vietnamese (Viet Cong) attacked
major cities in South Vietnam.
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While US/ARVN forces defeat Viet Cong, this 3
week campaign convinced many Americans the war
was unwinnable.
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LBJ refused to run for reelection due to the war.
Richard Nixon become president in 1968. He
promises Peace with Honor in Vietnam and pull
out US forces.
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Nixon improved relations with the two communist
powers USSR and China.
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Jan 1973, US and North Vietnam sign the Paris
Accord ending the war.
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