Cosmetic Uses Of Botox

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Cosmetic Uses Of Botox

• LEE POLLY 6S (14)
• YUM SUET YEE 6S(31)

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Introduction

• Recently, dermal fillers are become the new star
  of cosmetic treatment. Botox is one of the most
  common dermal fillers and is well-known by people
  to smooth the wrinkles. Botox is now widely
  spread in the developed countries with makers
  Allergan saying it expects Botox product net
  sales to be between US1.15 billion and US1.19
  billion this year.
• When there are so many people have received a
  Botox injection, a concern of Botox is arisen.
  For our own sake, we should learn more about
  Botox before any Botox injection.

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• Botox is the brand name of botulinum toxin A.
• It is a paralysing agent.
• It produced by the gram-positive, anaerobic
  bacterium Clostridium botulinum(????).
• It helps diminishing the appearance of facial
  lines caused by habitual muscle contraction.

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Botoxs History

• Between 1817 and 1822
• Botulinum toxin is firstly described by using the
  term sausage poison or fatty poison.
• 1895
• Dr. Emile Pierre Van Ermengem from Belgium
  identified strains A through G of botulinum
  toxin, four of whichA, B, E and F
• 1944
• Edward Schantz cultured Clostridium botulinum and
  isolated the toxin.

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• 1949
• Burgens group discovered that botulinum toxic
  blocks transmission
• 1950s
• Dr. Edward J. Schantz and others purified
  botulinum toxin type A into crystalline form
• Dr. Vernon Brooks discovered that small doses of
  botulinum relax the muscle temporarily.
• 1973
• Alan B Scott, MD, of Smith-Kettlewell Eye
  Research Institute used botulinum toxin type A
  (BTX-A) in experiments on monkeys believing it
  could help with crossed eyes.
• 1980
• Alan B Scott officially used BTX-A for the first
  time in humans to treat strabismus

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• 1989
• BTX-A was officially approved by the US Food and
  Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of
  strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm
  in patients over 12 years old.
• 2000
• Dresseler observed that the effects of botulinum
  toxin are fully reversible.
• 2002
• The FDA announced the approval of botulinum toxin
  type A to temporarily improve the appearance of
  moderate-to-severe frown lines between the
  eyebrows (glabellar lines).

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How wrinkles works?

• Wrinkles forms because of the following factors
  aging process, sun damage, garvity , injury,
  surgery, acne, smoking and muscle movement

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• Aging process
• the dermis loses its elastin and collagen
• have a difficulty of keeping moisture
• have a decreased production of sebum
• loss in the fat in the subcutaneous layer
• ?formation of wrinkles
• Sunlight exposure
• the aging rate increased
• breaks down skin's connective tissue, collagen
  and elastin fibers

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• Repetitive facial muscle contraction
• Each time we use facial muscle,
• a groove forms beneath the surface of the skin
• When skin ages,
• it no longer able to
• spring back in place
• groove become
• permanent features

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Botox injection as a way to smooth out wrinkles

• Approved cosmetic use in 2002 by FAD
• Wrinkles can never be removed by Botox. Botox can
  only diminish the appearance of wrinkles.
• Only small amounts (about one-tenth of a
  teaspoon) of Botox are required.
• Botox has a temporary effect and its effect last
  about 3 months.

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• The common treatment areas are
• Vertical lines between the eyebrows and on the
  bridge of the
• Squint lines at the corners of the eyes
• Horizontal lines on the forehead
• Muscle bands visible on the neck, commonly known
  as "turkey neck

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General criteria for people who can receive Botox
injection

• In general speaking, everyone can receive the
  Botox injection. However, there should be a
  couple of important criteria

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• Patient should not
• Be older 65 years old
• Be pregnant or plan to become pregnant during the
  treatment
• Be allergic to botulinum toxin
• have received a recent Botox injection in the
  same area.
• have an infection, swelling, or muscle weakness
  in the area where the botulinum toxin will be
  injected

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Mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin
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• A set of SNARE protein form a synaptic fusion
  complex.
• The synaptic fusion complex allows the membrane
  of the synaptic vesicle containing acetylcholine
  to fuse with the neuronal cell membrane and then
  acetylcholine is released.
• Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft
  down a concentration gradient to the motor end
  plate
• it bound by acetylcholine receptors molecules on
  motor end plate and changes the structure of
  receptor molecules on the muscle cell.

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• If a person has received a Botox injection into
  the muscle, the heavy chain of the botulinum
  toxin type A will bind to neuronal cell membrane
  at the the motor nerve terminal and enters the
  neuron by endocytosis, forming a toxin-containing
  vesicle .
• The light chain of the toxin molecule which has
  been demonstrated to contain the transmission
  blocking domain is release to the cytoplasm of
  the nerve terminal.

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• The light chain of botulinum toxin type A cleaves
  the SNAP-25, a cytoplasmic protein, which is
  located on the cell membrane, preventing complete
  assembly of the synaptic fusion complex and
  thereby blocking acetylcholine release.
• The effective terminal is inhibited from
  stimulating muscle contraction.
• Due to the failure of the muscle contraction, the
  muscles cannot tighten the skin flattens and
  appears smoother and less wrinkled.
• Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?glHKhlzh-TW
  vufQSPrLhJFwfeaturePlayListp16F552D3EED07D51
  index6

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Potential side-effects of Botox injection

• As with any medication, potential side effects of
  Botox do exists, and vary according to injection
  site, dose, frequency of injections, and the
  amount of physician expertise.

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• Less serious side effects may include
• Swelling of your face, lips, tongue, eyelid or
  throat
• Dry eyes, dry mouth
• Fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, nausea,
  flu symptoms
• Muscle weakness near where the medicine was
  injected
• Dizziness, drowsiness, anxiety
• Itchy or watery eyes
• Increased sensitivity to light
• Temporary bruising, bleeding, pain, or tenderness
  where the injection was given
• Headache, muscle stiffness, neck or back pain
• Increased sweating in areas other than the
  underarms

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• Serious side effects, some of which can occur up
  to several weeks after an injection
• Trouble breathing, talking, or swallowing
• Drooping eyelids
• Unusual or severe muscle weakness (especially in
  a body area that was not injected with the
  medication)
• Problems with vision or depth perception
• Crusting or drainage from your eyes
• Severe skin rash or itching
• Chest pain or heavy feeling, pain spreading to
  the arm or shoulder, general ill feeling

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Real cases and reflectionsafter Botox injection
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• The views from patient who have received Botox
  injection show that the effect of the Botulinum
  toxin might be good or bad for different people.
  Certainly, the skill of doctor is a key. People
  satisfy or not depends on what people really
  need. Doctor could only give us the result he or
  she thinks that is the best, however, beauty is
  pectoral. If one decided to receive the Botox
  injection, he or she should be ready for taking
  risk. Lucky to those people who fail to have a
  good result, the effects of botulinum toxin are
  temporary.

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TOO MUCH Botox
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References

• Website
• http//www.rxlist.com/botox-drug.htm
• http//www.egeneralmedical.com/info-botox.html
• http//vetscan.co.in/v4n1/therapeutic_and_cosmetic
  _uses_of_botulinum_toxin.htm
• http//www.drugs.com/mtm/botulinum-toxin-type-a.ht
  ml
• http//www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/c
  osmetic_botulinum.html
• http//ezinearticles.com/?History-of-Botox-and-How
  -Botox-Worksid335993
• http//www.skincare-news.com/b-3080-The_History_of
  _Botox.aspx
• http//www.mayoclinic.com/print/wrinkles/DS00890/D
  SECTIONallMETHODprint
• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/00
  3252.htm
• http//dermnetnz.org/site-age-specific/wrinkles.ht
  ml
• http//kidshealth.org/kid/grownup/getting_older/wr
  inkles.html
• http//www.mayoclinic.com/print/wrinkles/DS00890/D
  SECTIONallMETHODprint
• http//www.neurotoxininstitute.org/chapter_hyperhi
  drosis.asp
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?glHKhlzh-TWvufQS
  PrLhJFwfeaturePlayListp16F552D3EED07D51index
  6
• http//www.cbc.ca/consumer/story/2009/01/13/botox.
  html
• Book
• Advanced-level Biology for Hong Kong 3 By Y.K. Ho
  (P.393)