40 PRINCIPLES

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40 PRINCIPLES
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Table of Contents

• Segmentation
• Extraction
• Local Quality
• Asymmetry
• Consolidation
• Universality
• Nesting
• Counterweight
• Prior Counteraction
• Prior Action

• Cushion in Advance
• Equipotentiality
• Do It in Reverse
• Spheroidality
• Dynamicity
• Partial or Excessive Action
• Transition Into a New Dimension
• Mechanical Vibration

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Table of Contents

• Periodic Action
• Continuity of Useful Action
• Rushing Through
• Convert Harm into Benefit
• Feedback
• Mediator
• Self Service
• Copying

• Dispose
• Replacement of Mechanical System
• Pneumatic or Hydraulic Construction
• Flexible Membranes or Thin Films
• Porous Material
• Changing the Color
• Homogeneity

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Table of Contents

• Rejecting and Regenerating Parts
• Transformation of Properties
• Phase Transition
• Thermal Expansion
• Accelerated Oxidation
• Inert Environment
• Composite Materials

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Segmentation
6
1. Segmentation

• Divide an object into independent parts

A 90-degree elbow in a large air duct is
segmented for better air flow and turbulence
reduction
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1. Segmentation

• Make an object sectional

The pole of a temporary street light is made of
elements connected with flexible joints for easy
transportation and installation
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1. Segmentation

• Increase the degree of an objects segmentation

Development of a Roller Conveyer
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2. Extraction
10
2. Extraction

• Extract the disturbing part or property from an
  object.

Instead of lifting many high intensity lights by
balloons, only one reflector is lifted. The
lights are installed on the ground and beamed
toward the reflector
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2. Extraction

• Extract the disturbing part or property from an
  object.

To reduce over exposure of X-Ray radiation chest,
a special lead screen is designed to limit X-Rays
only to needed areas
12
2. Extraction

• Extract only the necessary part or property from
  an object.

Mine rescue teams wore bulky cooling containers
in their backpacks. Now, cooling systems are
stored in separate containers that can be placed
on the floor
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3. Local Quality
14
3. Local Quality

• Transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous
  structure of an object or outside environment
  (action)

In order to combat dust in coal mines, a cone
shaped mist of water is sprayed over the working
parts of drilling and loading machinery. The
smaller the droplets, the greater the effect in
combating dust. However, the fin mist hinders
work. Solution Spray a layer of coarse mist
around the cone of fine mist
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3. Local Quality

• Different parts of an object should carry out
  different functions.

A dust filter is made with porous membranes. The
outer membrane has larger pores for preliminary
filtration while the inner membrane has fine
pores to collect small particulates
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3. Local Quality

• Each part of an object should be placed in
  conditions that are most favorable for its
  operation

To reduce the temperature in an ultrasonic device
for making holes, the middle section is made from
heat conductive material while outer parts are
mde from war resistant material
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4. Asymmetry
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4. Asymmetry

• Replace symmetrical form with asymmetrical form

A device to straighten a wire consists of two
rollers, convex and concave, made asymmetrical
around the y-axis to speed production and
increase quality
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4. Asymmetry

• Replace symmetrical form with asymmetrical form

The driving drum of a snowmobile is positioned
under the vehicle at an angle to better grip the
snow
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4. Asymmetry

• If an object is already asymmetrical, increase
  its degree of asymmetry

An electrical furnace has electrodes
asymmetrically placed permitting the continuous
loading of ore and the discharge of molten metal
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5. Consolidation
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5. Consolidation

• Consolidate in space homogeneous objects or
  objects destined for contiguous operation

Two lifts are combined to carry a wide load. To
accomplish this task the adjoining partitions are
removed
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5. Consolidation

• Consolidate in space homogeneous objects or
  objects destined for contiguous operation

In a triple-hull ship the interference of waves
between hulls reduces water friction
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5. Consolidation

• Consolidate in time homogeneous or contiguous
  operation

Nozzles installed at the rotor provide hot steam
that thaws the frozen ground for easy excavation
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6. Universality
26
6. Universality

• An object can perform several different
  functions therefore, other elements can be
  removed.

A heavy battery is installed inside a sailboats
hollow keel to provide necessary weight. When the
boat is under sail, the propeller is works as a
generator charging the battery. In calm weather,
the battery can power the propeller.
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6. Universality

• An object can perform several different
  functions therefore, other elements can be
  removed.

A hat can be used as a handbag.
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6. Universality

• An object can perform several different
  functions therefore, other elements can be
  removed.

A briefcase handle can be used as an expander.
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6. Universality

• An object can perform several different
  functions therefore, other elements can be
  removed.

A luggage handle can be used as an iron.
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7. Nesting
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7. Nesting

• One object is placed inside another. That object
  is placed inside a third one. And so on .

To set a hollow concrete pipe into the ground, a
vibrator is installed inside the pipe.
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7. Nesting

• One object is placed inside another. That object
  is placed inside a third one. And so on .

Suspended reservoir for oil storage can store
different products in a single unit.
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7. Nesting

• One object passes through a cavity in another
  object.

An ultrasonic concentrator is nested, like
Matrioshka to reduce its effective length
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8. Counterweight
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8. Counterweight

• Compensate for the weight of an object by
  combining it with another object that provides a
  lifting force.

Balloons help temporarily suspend a cable over
the river
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8. Counterweight

• Compensate for the weight of an object with
  aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by
  the outside environment

Ocean water from wave action against the hull is
used to cool the top deck of a tanker carrying
easily vaporized liquids
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8. Counterweight

• Compensate for the weight of an object with
  aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by
  the outside environment

Paint brush with floating handle
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9. Prior Counteraction
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9. Prior Counteraction

• Preload countertension to an object to compensate
  excessive and undesirable stress

During production of corrugated cartons,
corrugated paper is bent in the opposite
direction of the cover paper. When the glue
dries, the cartons become flat.
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9. Prior Counteraction

• Preload countertension to an object to compensate
  excessive and undesirable stress

A composite turbine shaft consists of several
pipes twisted in the opposite direction from the
shaft rotation. The strength of the shaft
increases while allowing double the weight
reduction.
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9. Prior Counteraction

• Preload countertension to an object to compensate
  excessive and undesirable stress

A new technology is offered for making a
pre-stressed product. The product is placed on a
rotating pan. During rotation, while the product
cools off, it gains internal compressed tension,
similar to pre-stressed concrete. When cured, it
can handle high tensile forces.
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10. Prior Action
43
10. Prior Action

• Perform required changes to an object completely
  or partially in advance

During blasting work in open areas, water
curtains can suppress ground dust. Such water
curtains can be made by pre-blasting water in a
pit just before the main explosion occurs.
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10. Prior Action

• Perform required changes to an object completely
  or partially in advance

A tree is made to absorb pigment before it is
cut, providing required color to the internal
layers.
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10. Prior Action

• Place objects in advance so that they can go into
  action immediately from the most convenient
  location

To remove a cast without damaging the skin, a
blade that will eventually cut the cast is
inserted during the casts application.
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11. Cushion in Advance
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11. Cushion in Advance

• Compensate for the relatively low reliability of
  an object with emergency measures prepared in
  advance

Sharp turns on some roads use old tires to
prevent accidents.
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11. Cushion in Advance

• Compensate for the relatively low reliability of
  an object with emergency measures prepared in
  advance

To prevent water dissipation, a plastic liner is
placed along the bottom of a reservoir.
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11. Cushion in Advance

• Compensate for the relatively low reliability of
  an object with emergency measures prepared in
  advance

A special chemical tag is added to a poison
substance so it can be easily identified.
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11. Cushion in Advance

• Compensate for the relatively low reliability of
  an object with emergency measures prepared in
  advance

To prevent shoplifting, a magnetic plate is
inserted into the tag of the merchandise. When an
item is stolen, it triggers an alarm.
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12. Equipotentiality
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12. Equipotentiality

• Change the conditions of the work in such a way
  that it will not require lifting or lowering an
  object.

A container is not loaded directly into the
truck. Instead, it is lifted slightly by a
hydraulic cylinder and then slid inside the truck.
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12. Equipotentiality

• Change the conditions of the work in such a way
  that it will not require lifting or lowering an
  object.

A truck for transporting large pre-stressed
concrete pipes does not lift the pipes. It
inserts a wheeled arm through the pipe, slightly
lifts it, and carries it to the destination.
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13. Do It in Reverse
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13. Do It in Reverse

• Instead of the direct action dictated by a
  problem, implement an opposite action

During the casting of a large, thin-walled part,
a dish with liquid iron is stationary while the
platform holding the part moves.
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13. Do It in Reverse

• Make the movable part of an object, or outside
  environment, stationary and the stationary part
  movable.

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13. Do It in Reverse

• Turn an object upside-down.

An electric burner is installed in the cover of a
frying pan so that cooking may be done from two
sides at the same time.
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14. Spheroidality
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14. Spheroidality

• Replace linear parts with curved parts, flat
  surfaces with spherical surfaces, and cube shapes
  with ball shapes.

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14. Spheroidality

• Use rollers, balls, spirals.

An agricultural plow has rollers instead of
blades. This allows it to effectively move at
twice its normal speed.
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14. Spheroidality

• Preplace linear motion with rotational motion
  utilize centrifugal force.

An oil derrick has a wheel that is 80 to 90
meters in diameter. The wheel lifts the boring
pipe without disassembling, increasing the boring
speed b six times.
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15. Dynamicity
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15. Dynamicity

• Characteristics of an object, or outside
  environment, must be altered to provide optimal
  performance at each state of an operation

An electrical welder with a ribbon-shaped
electrode has a radius R which can be changed
during the welding process to control the size of
the welding seam.
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15. Dynamicity

• If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it
  interchangeable

Rotating skirt for dancing tricks.
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15. Dynamicity

• Divide an object in elements capable of changing
  their position relative to each other.

A submerged vessel consist of two separate halves
connected with a hinge.
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15. Dynamicity

• Divide an object in elements capable of changing
  their position relative to each other

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16. Partial or Excessive Action
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16. Partial or Excessive Action

• If it is difficult to obtain 100 of a desired
  effect, achieve more or less of the desired
  effect.

To reduce the amount of reagent used when
preventing hail, only the part of the cloud that
is responsible for hail production is bombarded
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16. Partial or Excessive Action

• If it is difficult to obtain 100 of a desired
  effect, achieve more or less of the desired
  effect.

While manufacturing a magneto conductor, a
ceramic plate is covered wit excess ferromagnetic
and conducting material. The excess is then
machined off, leaving the correct layers in the
channels of the plate.
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16. Partial or Excessive Action

• If it is difficult to obtain 100 of a desired
  effect, achieve more or less of the desired
  effect.

When difficult to view the plasmagene cutting
process, the plasmagene arc is made with
excessive flame. This guarantees complete cutting.
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17. Transition Into A New Dimension
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17. Transition Into a New Dim.

• Transition one-dimensional movement, or
  placement, of objects into 2-D or 3-D

The plowing mechanism for an ice skating arena is
placed under the vehicle.
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17. Transition Into a New Dim.

• Utilize multi-level composition of objects.
• Incline an object, or place it on its side.

Vertical storage of wooden logs.
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17. Transition Into a New Dim.

• Utilize the opposite side of a given surface.

Reflecting panels are placed under a tree to
increase the effective sunlight.
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17. Transition Into a New Dim.

• Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or
  onto the reverse side, of an object.

Greenhouse with solar reflecting panels.
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18. Mechanical Vib.
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18. Mechanical Vibration

• Utilize oscillation.

To reduce cooking time, use turbulence or low
frequency acoustic vibrations.
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18. Mechanical Vibration

• If oscillation exists, increase its frequency to
  ultrasonic.

Parts are cleaned in a solution using ultrasonic
vibrations.
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18. Mechanical Vibration

• Use the frequency of resonance.
• Replace mechanical vibration with
  piezo-vibration.
• Use ultrasonic vibrations in conjunction with an
  electromagnetic field

Ultrasonic welding of human bones is used during
plastic surgery.
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19. Periodic Action
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19. Periodic Action

• Replace a continuous action with a periodic one

An impulse water sprinkler produces droplets of
water that reduce damage to the soil.
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19. Periodic Action

• Replace a continuous action with a periodic one

Instead of a high smoke stack, a short one is
made utilizing impulses. Rings of smoke rise 3000
meters.
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19. Periodic Action

• If the action is already periodic, change its
  frequency.
• Use pauses between impulses to provide additional
  action

For better and easier excavation of coal, a
borehole is filled with water and then an impulse
pressure is applied.
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20. Continuity of UA
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20. Continuity of Useful Action

• Carry out an action without a break. All parts of
  the object should constantly operate at full
  capacity.

A soldering device has a soldering tip in the
shape of a roller for continuous action.
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20. Continuity of Useful Action

• Remove idle and intermediate motion

An oil tanker is filled with sugar after
thoroughly removing the oil.
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20. Continuity of Useful Action

• Replace back-and-forth motion with a rotating
  one.

Rotary laboratory table.
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21. Rushing Through
89
21. Rushing Through

• Perform harmful and hazardous operations at a
  very high speed.

It is necessary to tilt a barge at an unsafe,
high angle to unload lumber. Partially tilt the
barge at a safer angle by jerking it rapidly.
This can be done by quickly pumping water out
from the tilter.
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22. Convert Harm into Benefit
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22. Convert Harm into Benefit

• Utilize harmful factors especially
  environmental to obtain a positive effect.

When a base liquid is pumped through a pipe it
will deposit sediment on the inside surface of
the pipe. When an acid is pumped through a pipe,
it corrodes the inner surface of the pipe. Pump
acid and base liquids alternately through the
same pipe.
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22. Convert Harm into Benefit

• Remove one harmful factor by combining it with
  another harmful factor

Before demolishing an old building, a trench is
dug around it. During the blast, when the first
shock wave reaches the trench, it reflects back
and neutralizes the main shockwave.
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22. Convert Harm into Benefit

• Increase the degree of harmful action to such an
  extent that it ceases to be harmful

Removal of red birth marks is accomplished by
injecting a compensating green pigment under the
skin.
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23. Feedback
96
23. Feedback

• Introduce feedback
• If feedback already exists, change it

The level of fuel in a carburetor adjusts itself
via a floating valve placed inside the fuel cell.
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24. Mediator
98
24. Mediator

• Use an intermediary object to transfer or
  carry-out an action.

A preserving substance needs to be introduced
over the inner surface of a complex-shaped
object. To do this, compressed hot air is mixed
with the preserving substance. This mixture is
then pumped through the object.
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24. Mediator

• Temporarily connect the original object to one
  that is easily removed

To manufacture a one layer diamond disk, a
diamond powder is applied to cloth. This sandwich
is then applied to the disk. Afterward, the cloth
is dissolved with acetone.
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24. Mediator

• Temporarily connect the original object to one
  that is easily removed

A dry developer consists of positively charged
dielectric balls. The surface of the balls are
covered with negatively charged particles of
pigment. During the development process,
particles of pigment jump from the balls under
the influence of a stronger positive charge from
the hidden image on the photolayer.
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25. Self Service
102
25. Self Service

• An object must service itself and carry-out
  supplementary and repair operations.

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25. Self Service

• Make use of waste material and energy.

Scrubbers that scrape and clean a conveyor belt
wear-out fast. Ideally, a scrubber should last
forever. Suggestion Introduce a gap between the
scrubber and the conveyor belt. Particles of
loose material will fall on the plate reducing
the gap and provide the scrubbing action.
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25. Self Service

• Make use of waste material and energy.

A cone-shaped concrete river dam provides a self
sealing action during an earthquake. The dam will
sink down into the sand.
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26. Copying
106
26. Copying

• A simplified an inexpensive copy should be used
  in place of a fragile original or an object that
  is inconvenient to operate
• If a visible optical copy is used, replace it
  with an infrared or ultraviolet copy.

The doctor can see a patient as a 3D image by
using a stereoscope.
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26. Copying

• Replace an object with their optical image. The
  image can then be reduced or enlarged.

A method of measuring logs on a railroad truck is
accomplished by taking a picture of the logs,
then measuring each log from the picture
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27. Dispose
109
27. Dispose

• Replace an expensive object with a cheap one,
  compromising other properties

Paper dress.
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28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.
111
28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.

• Replace a mechanical system with an optical,
  acoustical, thermal or olfactory system.

Olfactory method to determine when a tooth of a
boring tools broken.
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28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.

• Replace a mechanical system with an optical,
  acoustical, thermal or olfactory system.

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28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.

• Replace a mechanical system with an optical,
  acoustical, thermal or olfactory system.

Micro-movement of an object under a microscope is
done with a metal rod and an electric heating
element.
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28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.

• Use an electric, magnetic or electromagnetic
  field to interact with an object.
• Replace field that are
• Stationary with mobile.
• Fixed with changing in time.
• Random with structured.
• Use fields in conjunction with ferromagnetic
  particles.

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29. Pneumatic Hydraulic
116
29. Pneumatic or Hydraulic.

• Replace solid parts of an object with a gas or
  liquid. These pars can now use air or water for
  inflation, or use pneumatic or hydrostatic
  cushions.

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29. Pneumatic or Hydraulic.

• Replace solid parts of an object with a gas or
  liquid. These pars can now use air or water for
  inflation, or use pneumatic or hydrostatic
  cushions.

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29. Pneumatic or Hydraulic.

• Replace solid parts of an object with a gas or
  liquid. These pars can now use air or water for
  inflation, or use pneumatic or hydrostatic
  cushions.

119
29. Pneumatic or Hydraulic.

• Replace solid parts of an object with a gas or
  liquid. These pars can now use air or water for
  inflation, or use pneumatic or hydrostatic
  cushions.

120
30. Flexible Membranes
121
30. Flexible Membranes

• Replace customary constructions with flexible
  membranes or thin film.

122
30. Flexible Membranes

• Replace customary constructions with flexible
  membranes or thin film.

A mirror with adjustable focus is made out of
thin, flexible film. When air is pumped inside of
the enclosure, it changes the curvature of the
mirror
123
30. Flexible Membranes

• Replace customary constructions with flexible
  membranes or thin film.

A light bulb covered with a thin rubber film can
withstand high impact.
124
31. Porous Material
125
31. Porous Material

• Make an object porous, or use supplementary
  porous elements.

In a hydraulic system, oil is pumped through a
porous plate that works as a control valve.
126
31. Porous Material

• Make an object porous, or use supplementary
  porous elements

To prevent the setting of hard or viscous
substances on a surface, the walls are made of
porous materials through which a special liquid
is pumped.
127
31. Porous Material

• If an object is already porous, fill pores in
  advance with some substance.

An additive can be mixed with molten metal by
introducing a porous brick soaked with the
additives.
128
32. Change Color
129
32. Changing the Color

• Change the color of an object or its environment.

Paint an iceberg red. Red pigment reflects light
in the dark, so the iceberg can be seen at night
from a long distance.
130
32. Changing the Color

• Change the degree of translucency of an object or
  its environment.

A bandage is made out of transparent material for
better observation of the wound.
131
32. Changing the Color

• Use color additives to observe an object, or
  process, which is difficult to see.
• If such additives are already used, employ
  luminescent traces or trace atoms.

In steel mills, a curtain of colored water
protects workers from ultraviolet light.
132
33. Homogeneity
133
33. Homogeneity

• Objects interaction with the main object should
  be made out of the same material(or similar) as
  the main object.

When a vibrating rod transmits ultrasonic waves
to molten steel, the rod looses some of its
substance. To prevent pollution, the rod is made
of the same substance as the molten steel.
134
33. Homogeneity

• Objects interaction with the main object should
  be made out of the same material(or similar) as
  the main object.

A method for transferring heat into an area of
endothermic reaction A hot vapor of the flask
material is introduced inside. This vapor is the
carrier of the heat needed for the reaction.
135
33. Homogeneity

• Objects interaction with the main object should
  be made out of the same material(or similar) as
  the main object.

A method of melting frozen oxygen is accomplished
by introducing oxygen vapor
136
34. Reject Regenerate Parts
137
34. Reject Regenerate Parts

• After completing its function, or becoming
  useless, an element of an object is rejected or
  modified during its work process

A wire satellite antenna, when deployed in orbit,
is expanded by compressed air. The air stretches
a flexible film shell forcing the antenna into
the shape of a ball. The vacuum of space, and the
suns rays, destroy the flexible shell allowing
the antenna to reflect radio waves.
138
34. Reject Regenerate Parts

• After completing its function, or becoming
  useless, an element of an object is rejected or
  modified during its work process

Method to manufacture microsprings Wire is
wound on an elastic core which is later removed
by dissolving in liquid.
139
34. Reject Regenerate Parts

• Used-up parts of an object should be restored
  during its work.

A method to manufacture large rubber balls The
ball form is made from a chalk and water mixture.
The form is covered with raw rubber and placed in
an oven. Later, the chalk is dissolved and
removed.
140
35. Transformation of Properties
141
35. Transformation of Property

• Change the physical state of the system.

An explosive is delivered to an assigned depth in
the ground in a gaseous form to generate
resilient waves.
142
35. Transformation of Property

• Change the concentration or density.

An arc-welding process has an electrode in the
form of liquid metal steam supplied by an
electromagnetic pump.
143
35. Transformation of Property

• Change the degree of flexibility
• Change the temperature or volume.

The Screw of a batching system for free flowing
material is made out of an elastic substance with
an internal spiral to easily adjust its pitch.
144
36. Phase Transition
145
36. Phase Transition

• Use the phenomena of phase change

Evaporating a section of its outside protective
layer prevents the body of a spaceship from
overheating.
146
36. Phase Transition

• Use the phenomena of phase change

A process of forming metal surfaces by freezing
water inside a casting form.
147
36. Phase Transition

• Use the phenomena of phase change

By freezing an emulsion of water and polishing
powder, a higher quality of polishing can be
achieved.
148
37. Thermal Expansion
149
37. Thermal Expansion

• Use expansion or contraction of material by
  changing its temperature

A bimetallic strip is used as a thermometer
150
37. Thermal Expansion

• Use various materials with different coefficient
  of thermal expansion

A gap in a bearing during thermal expansion is
compensated for by two conical rings having
different coefficients of thermal expansion.
151
37. Thermal Expansion

• Use various materials with different coefficient
  of thermal expansion

The rotor of an engine turns by the contraction
and expansion of wires with different
coefficients of thermal expansion
152
38. Accelerated Oxidation
153
38. Accelerated Oxidation

• Make transition from one level of oxidation to
  the next higher level

Air is pumped through perforated pipes in
sanitation stations to increase the activity of
bacteria that clean the water.
154
38. Accelerated Oxidation

• Make transition from one level of oxidation to
  the next higher level

Pure oxygen is delivered into a furnace to
produce cast iron directly from the molten ore.
155
38. Accelerated Oxidation

• Make transition from one level of oxidation to
  the next higher level

Ozone is used as an oxidizer in a submarines
combustion engines to allow the complete burning
of fuel.
156
39. Inert Environment
157
39. Inert Environment

• Replace a normal environment with an inert one.
• Introduce a neutral substance or additives.
• Carry out a process in a vacuum.

Foam is used to isolate a fire from an oxygen
source.
158
39. Inert Environment

• Replace a normal environment with an inert one.
• Introduce a neutral substance or additives.
• Carry out a process in a vacuum.

To prevent oxidation of the welded seam, an inert
gas covers the welding arc.
159
39. Inert Environment

• Replace a normal environment with an inert one.
• Introduce a neutral substance or additives.
• Carry out a process in a vacuum.

To prevent corrosion, all internal space of a
large vessel filled with nitrogen.
160
40. Composite Materials
161
40. Composite Materials

• Replace homogeneous materials with composite ones.

A fiber of high-melting metal is introduced into
solder to increase its strength
162
40. Composite Materials

• Replace homogeneous materials with composite ones.

A composition of corrugated paper glued with a
carton allows for the development of a rigid
package.
163
40. Composite Materials

• Replace homogeneous materials with composite ones.

An image is made by magnetic ink (a mixture of
pigment and ferromagnetic powder) influenced by a
magnetic field.