HUMAN CAPACITY BUILDING IN ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

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HUMAN CAPACITY BUILDING IN ENGINEERING
INFRASTRUCTURE A PAPER PRESENTED BY

• PROFESSOR O.O.ADEWOYE FMSN, FMSE., FAEng, , FAS
• DIRECTOR-GENERAL/ CHIEF EXECUTIVE NATIONAL
  AGENCY FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE
  (NASENI) ABUJA
• A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE INTERNATIONAL
  CONFERENCE AND ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE
  NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS (ABUJA 2007)
• AT THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CENTRE
• ON
• 4TH DECEMBER, 2007

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INTRODUCTION

• Every nation needs to harness her human and
  material resources for the development/growth of
  her citizens and her environment.
• Value-addition to the natural resources in
  developing by development technology.

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INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

• WHY EI FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOMENT
• CONTEXT
• 7 POINT AGENDA
• 20-20-20
• STRATEGIC THINKING
• 66 OUT OF 73 TABLE
• NEED TO OVERTAKE
• 65 -20 OTHER COUNTRIES IN 13 YEARS

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GROUP DESCRIPTION OF KNOWLEDGE
INDEX
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CHALLENGES

• Lack of political will to develop a grand vision
  for infrastructural development for the nation.
  Various governments over the years have paid lip
  services to the development of infrastructure in
  the country.
• Lack of participation by all stake holders in EI
  policy making process
• The Nigerian economy lacks a critical mass of
  relevant skilled manpower for engineering and
  technology applications
• Government at all levels have not shown serious
  commitments in terms of resources towards
  creating the enabling environment for EI
• The non-recognition and hence poor challenges for
  the few relevant manpower within the country

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STRATEGIC THINKING IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
As of now, most of the knowledge and technology
required for removing poverty from our society do
exit within our ambit. What we need to do is to
devise and install the necessary and adequate
infrastructure to deliver the services required
provided of course that the enabling means are
provided. The provision of basic things like
water, roads, medicine, food etc should not
really be a problem for the community in the 21st
century. In all of these, our thinking must of
course be strategic. In critical areas, our
input must be products of critical assessment,
based on our scientific training and knowledge
and our decisions, optimal and practicable. For
example, there must be better energy mix better
than the existing PHCN. Off-grid areas, say in
the arid areas or riverine ones can be better
served by solar energy. There are rivers all
over the country that can sustain mini-dams for
providing electricity and local industries for
communities. These require urgent attention. The
Nigerian Scientists should make impact on
Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization to
remove the drudgery of our people and increase
crop yield for instance. Engineered crops and
fruits of special attributes should be bred to
increase food production.
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STRATEGIC THINKING IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Contd
Appropriate tractors, mowers that can easily
maneuvered in dense forests should be worked
upon. The special interaction of our
agricultural products in terms of stress
corrosion should receive special attention in the
design and manufacture of processing equipment.
Our bitumen for instance contains elements that
make them different from the Canadians or
Venezuelans. Adaptive research work here should
supply the necessary design data required to
erect the necessary processing facilities. The
Naphtha content of our crude oil is suspected to
have caused the severe erosion/corrosion problem
at NNPC Plant in Warri - this is one area where
Research and Development can make impact. We
must endeavor to devise the adequate and
necessary science and engineering infrastructure
to deliver the existing knowledge be it in
adequate refrigeration of drugs and medicine or
preservation of meals served in dormitories. Our
new efforts in the area of ICT should lead to the
opening up of our rural areas. Rural telephony,
e-mail and Internet services should improve the
quality of educations in both urban and rural
areas. The virtual university and learning
centers should lower the cost of education. Al
these would lead to lowering of cost of education
and rapid development of the country.
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INFRASTRUCTURE WHAT IT IS.

• For a nation to develop, it must have an
  infrastructure on ground.
• Infrastructure, most generally, is the set of
  interconnected structural elements that provide
  the framework for supporting the entire
  structure.
• The term is often used very abstractly.
• BUT

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INFRASTRUCTURE Contd

• It generally refers to those manpower and
  physical structures and installations which a
  country establishes for the purpose of
  facilitating its agricultural, industrial and
  commercial production, rendering social services
  and maintaining the security of the community.

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ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

• The is infrastructure meant to fast-track
  home-initiated and home-grown industrialization
  achievable through local machine designs and
  machine building capabilities, resulting in
  general provision of such capital goods and
  equipment which encourage the proliferation of
  viable small and medium enterprises.
• This is the mandate of NASENI

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ENGRG INFRASTRUCTURE Contd

• When the economics talk about building of roads,
  development of utilities, provision of water
  systems, and other physical infrastructure, the
  bottom line is the development of the basic
  infrastructure to make all of that possible.
• This is a measure of the economic and
  manufacturing growth of a nation.

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TELECOMMUNICATION

• Telecommunication infrastructure remains one of
  the major issues affecting technology deployment
  required for growth and development in Nigeria.
• There has however been massive improvement in
  infrastructure over the past few years.
• Nigeria has certainly left the telecomm state
  where there were only a few dial-up e-mail
  providers and Internet service providers (ISPs)
  and when Nigerian Telecommunications Limited
  (NITEL) was the only Telecommunications operator.
• The telecoms boom has resulted in greater usage
  of Internet Technology, growth and availability
  of cyber cafés, increased Internet provision by
  ISPs and PTOs, increased communications services
  (mobile telephony, e-mail, VOIP), reduction of
  Internet costs, online information gathering and
  research, e-learning, Internet business
  opportunities, online advertising opportunities
  as well as developments in e-banking.
• VML ETC

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ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE IN NIGERIA

• The existence and functionality of these
  infrastructures in a nation determines her level
  of development. Thus the developed nations of the
  world are noted for the high level of their
  existence and functionality of their
  infrastructure.
• The resources they utilize are not only monetary
  but mostly in terms of the skilled personnel,
  machinery and engineering materials required for
  building and maintaining the infrastructures.
• The utilization of skilled personnel, machinery
  and engineering materials could be referred to as
  engineering infrastructure.

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ROLE OF ENGRG INFRASTRUCTURE

• The role of a functional engineering
  infrastructure base include amongst others
• providing the infrastructural base on which
  industrialization and development can thrive
• development of raw materials and new products for
  industries
• innovations for improvement of industrial
  fortunes
• providing machines and spare parts required by
  industries
• providing the equipment and machines required for
  rural development activities
• evolution of domestic technology capability in
  manufacturing
• developing skilled human resources and relevant
  manpower for the industrial sector and
• conceptualization and construction of the
  different infrastructure required for development
  activities.

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ROLE OF ENGRG INFRASTRUCTURE CONTD

• In order to actualize these roles, Government has
  set up a RD system for development of
  engineering and technology in the country. The
  size of the RD work going on in Nigeria can be
  assessed by the recent publication of profiles of
  selected commercialisable RD results and
  publications.
• There are at least 66 different RD institutions,
  excluding tertiary institutions described in
  those publications with different mandates.
• One of the institutions devoted to the
  Development of Engineering Infrastructure (EI) is
  the National Agency for Science and Engineering
  Infrastructure (NASENI).

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BASIC SCIENCES THE FASTEST ROUTE TO CAREER IN
INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY
The relationship between basic Science is both a
process of gaining knowledge and the organized
body of knowledge gained by this process.
Science, both applied and basic, seems to be in
transition. The demand for new technology has
never been higher. People from all walks of life
are clamouring for more, better, faster as well
as completely new technologies. Although applied
research tends to achieve more, better, faster
at a decent rate, basic (non-targeted) research
is what produces genuine revolution. Sciences and
industrial innovation is in fact the greatest
engine behind the current technological
revolution. The significant function and
strategic impacts of basic research on the
national economic and social development of any
nation, as well as its cultural and educational
benefits cannot be overemphasized.
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BASIC SCIENCES THE FASTEST ROUTE TO CAREER IN
INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY Contd
Basic research in materials physics has led to
the understanding of the mechanisms and the
technological mastering of the major processing
steps for device fabrication such as large area
single crystal growth, doping technologies by ion
implantation, micro-lithography, interconnect
technology and packaging, just to mention some of
them. Progress in this technology has been
dominated by Moores empirical law 4 during the
past 30 years .
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BASIC SCIENCES THE FASTEST ROUTE TO CAREER IN
INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY Contd Moores empirical
law
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• UNITS / BLOCKS

• 0-D Nanocrystals (Metals, SC, Magnetic)
• ? 1-D Nanowires (SC, Metals, Oxides,
  Ceramics)
• Nanotubes (C,MS2 etc.) BN
• ? 2-D Nanowalls and Nanofilms

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PROPERTIES DEPEND ON
SIZE
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GOLD
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DIVIDED METALS! NANOCRYSTALS
Metal Size Induced Metal
Insulator Transition Insulator
Bulk Metal
Metal nanocrystal
Atoms Molecules
Energy
Density of States
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APPLICATIONS
Sensors Lithography Field emission
(Display) Optical Limiting Nanoelectronics Catalys
is (adsorption) Hydrogen Storage Nanomotors
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NANOCRYSTAL SENSORS
DNA sensing using Au Nanocrystals
In the presence of complementary target DNA,
oligonucleotide-functionalized gold nanoparticles
will aggregate (A), resulting in a change of
solution color from red to blue (B). The
aggregation process can be monitored using
UV-Visible spectroscopy or simply by spotting the
solution on a silica support (C).
Mirkin Rosi, Chem. Rev., 2005
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KNOWLEDGE IS THE DRIVING FORCE IN THE 21ST
CENTURY

• For Nigerian Scientific community to be part of
  the 21st century development, it must do the
  following
• Adopt best practise
• Learn how to apply scientific knowledge
  vigorously to developmental issues
• Use ICT optimally
• Embrace Advanced Manufacturing Technology
• Develop the relevant human capacity
• Modify the curriculum in schools to meet current
  National demand

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HUMAN RESOURCE ENGINEERING AND CAPACITY
BUILDING THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

• No interest or understanding of the efficacy of
  ST in the university by the ruling class
• Infrastructural decay in the tertiary
  institutions should be addressed for meaningful
  RD work
• The tertiary institutions must discover and
  define its mission and fulfill it or become
  irrelevant
• Replacing wosi-wosi shop with incubators centers
• A need for product development and
  manufacturing rather than relying heavily on
  importation of goods.
• University work from pedagogy to economic
  utilization
• Education and science should lead to economic
  growth. Presently the education system in Nigeria
  is not part of the economy.

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DIRECT EVIDENCE LEADING EDUCATION TO GROWTH

• The case of China
• The USA now leads the world in spending on
  research and development -- estimated to reach
  328.9 billion the year 2005 from both government
  and private sources.
• One U.S. chemist's or engineer's salary is enough
  to hire five Chinese chemists or 11 Indian
  engineers. In the year2005, China graduated
  500,000 engineers India, 200,000 and North
  America, 70,000.
• The U.S. trade balance in high-technology goods
  between US and China fell from 33 billion in the
  black in 1990 to 24 billion in the red in 2004.

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CAPACITY AND VALUE ADDITION
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NASENI INSTITUTES

• At present, NASENI operates seven development
  Centers across the country. These are
• Scientific Equipment Development Institute, Enugu
  (SEDI-E)
• Scientific Equipment Development Institute, Minna
  (SEDI-M)
• Electronic Development Institute (ELDI), Awka
• Engineering Materials Development Institute
  (EMDI), Akure
• Hydraulic Equipment Development Institute
  (HEDI), Kano
• National Engineering Design Development Institute
  (NEDDI), Nnewi and
• Power Equipment and Electrical Machines
  Development Institute (PEEMADI), Okene.
• Two other Centers, the Heavy Machinery and
  Equipment Institute (HEMEDI) and Chemical
  Equipment and Machinery Development Institute
  (CEMADI), are planned for Bauchi and Port
  Harcourt respectively.

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NASENI PROGRAME IN EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EI
AND CAPACITY BUILDING

• Virtual Manufacturing Laboratory Development
• Modern Engineering Design Development
• Acquisition of Manufacturing Capability for Solar
  Panels
• Nanotechnology Development
• Development of ICT Components.
• Rapid Prototyping
• Reverse Engineering
• High Power Computing

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BENEFITS OF AMT SYSTEMS AND TOOLS

• It can provide significant reduction of
  economical order quantities, enabling mass
  customization to better meet the needs of
  individual customers while enhancing
  profitability.
• It can provide fast, accurate exploration of many
  more product and process design options, to
  increase value to the customer and reduce
  concept-to-production time and cost.
• It can provide comprehensive, globally accessible
  knowledge bases of validated ready-to-use models,
  simulations, and supporting tools upon which all
  companies can draw, thus greatly reducing the
  cost of acquiring and implementing AMT
  capabilities.

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• NASENI NICHE FACILITIES FOR EI
• The VML will provide hardware, software and
  intellectual capacity for design, engineering
  simulation and computer modelling of spares,
  machinery and processes
• The engineering simulation and computer modelling
  capabilities will ensure rapid prototype and
  pilot scale machinery development
• The facility will enable us carry out the
  programme to synergize among NASENI Centres,
  other RD institutions in the Federal Ministry of
  Science and Technology and SME sector in general

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NATIONAL NETWORK ON ADVANCED MANUFACTURING CENTRES
HEDI-Kano VMC EDM CNC Lathe
ABU-Zaria VMC
SEDI-Minna VMC CNC Lathe
PEEMADI-Okene VMC EDM CNC Lathe CNC
Transformer Winding Machines

• EMDI-Akure
• VMC
• EDM
• CNC Lathe

• NASENI HQ.
• VMC
• VML
• CAD/CAM Lab

NEDDI-Nnewi VMC CNC Milling m/c CNC Lathe
m/c EDM
Key VMCVirtual Manufacturing Centre VMLVirtual
Manufacturing Laboratory EDMElectric Discharge
Machine CNCComputer Numerical Control ENCElectro
nic Numerical Control CAD/CAM Computer Aided
Design Computer Aided Manufacturing NB
CAD/CAM software to be loaded in all Universities
and Polytechnics of the Federation.
ASU-Uli CAD Centre
ELDI-Awka CNC Milling CNC Lathe Rapid
Prototyping
SEDI-Enugu VMC CNC Lathe
OAU, Ile-Ife VMC

• PEDI-Ilesa
• EDM
• VMC
• VML

NDU VMC
ODI-BAYELSA Skill Acquisition Centre
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NUMBER OF YEARS TO DOUBLE PER CAPITA OUTPUT
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NICHE INFRASTRUCTURE

• SATTELITE COMMUNICATIONS
• SATTELITE LOW ORBIT
• VML, HPCC, CAD/CAM
• SPECIALISED LABORATORIES
• IFE, ABU, SHSTCO
• WIND TUNNELS
• BUK, IFE
• ADVANCED ELECTROPLATING BATHS
• MNI FOUNDRIES IN SCHOOLS

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NASRDA

• For the attainment of space capabilities,
  Nigerias efforts should focus on research and
  rigorous education, engineering development,
  design and manufacture, particularly in the areas
  of instrumentation, rocketry and small satellites
  as well as in satellite data acquisition,
  processing, analysis and management of related
  software
• The establishment of a national earth observation
  station for remote sensing and satellite
  meteorology data acquisition. Such an
  infrastructure will enhance the indigenous
  ability to adopt, modify and create new
  techniques for national resources inventories,
  monitoring, evaluation and management
•  

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NIGCOMSAT 1

•  
• NIGCOMSAT-1 Mission Requirements
• Orbit Location      42.5E Launch Vehicle
      LM-3B Launch Mass        5150 kg Service
  Life         gt15 years Reliability
            gt0.70 at end-of-life
•  
• NIGCOMSAT-1 Payload
• C-band Payload          4 transponders
  Ku-band Payload        14 transponders Ka-band
  Payload        8 transponders L-band Payload
           2 transponders Antenna subsystem
  consists of seven antennas

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THE ROLE OF ST FUNDING IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

• The 50 leading ST countries have enjoyed
  long-term economic growth much higher than the
  other 130 countries of the rest of the world
• Between 1986 and 1994 the average growth rate of
  this heterogeneous group of countries was around
  3 times greater than that of the rest of the
  world
• The average economic wealth per capital of these
  50 countries has grown by 1.1 per year
• On the other hand, the per capital income of the
  group of 130 countries which performed less
  well in education, science and technology has
  fallen over the same period by 1.5 per year

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REFORM IN ST SUCCESS FACTORS AND INDICATORS

• FACTORS
• stakeholder ownership, full commitment and
  participation, truthful completion of
  questionnaire to reveal SWOT.
• incentives for academia (including changing the
  enabling laws and environment) and industry.
• INDICATORS
• Shared values and belief
• paradigm shift in the role of the educational
  sector, training more project based rather than
  tradition projects more targeted rather than
  curiosity driven.
• markets play more roles, cutting edge work should
  lead to products or/ and publication in top grade
  journals
• reverse engineering and advanced materials and
  manufacturing , RD used for industry , increase
  in the Stock of IPR

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Contd

• Government must therefore provide the enabling
  infrastructure to support ST sector.
• ST funding by Government is thus a necessary and
  obligatory expenditure in any society desirous of
  rapid economic growth.

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I THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION