How Technology Affects Us

1
How Technology Affects Us

• Knowledge
• Knowledge Explosion - Knowledge is doubling every
  18 months to 2 years
• Careers
• Technology will play a large part in all careers
  and is becoming increasingly important in
  Hospitality
• Organizations
• Changing what we produce and how we produce it
• Global Relations
• Changing social relations, norms and values

2
The Information System Concept

• The Process
• Feedback Decision
• The basis of management information systems
• Make decisions faster, based on more reliable
  information

Input
Processing
Output
3
Basic Types of Info Technologies

• Sensing Technologies
• Gather and input data
• Communication Technologies
• Facilitate communication between people and
  between machines.
• Analyzing Data
• Computer hardware and software
• Display Technologies
• The interface between sensing, communicating and
  analyzing

4
Types Of Computer Systems

• Super Computers
• Mainframe
• Room Sized Computers
• Mini Computers
• Refrigerator to Desktop
• Micro Computers (PC's Laptop's etc...)
• Desktop, Portable

5
Computer System

• Hardware Physical Equipment
• Software Set of Instructions

6
Communication Between Hardware Components (Binary
Code)

• BIT 0 1 (ON/OFF) 20 1 bit
• BYTE 8 BITS equal a BYTE (256 different possible
  combinations) 23 8 bits or a byte
• KB KILOBYTE equal to 1000 BYTES Referred to as
  "K" 210 1024 BYTES or a KB
• MB MEGABYTE equal to 1000 KB or a "MEG"
  220 1,048,576 BYTES MB
• GB GIGABYTE equal to 1000 MB or a
  "GIG" 230 1,073,741,824 BYTES GB

7
Computer Binary Codes

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
  Interchange)
• EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
  Code)
• Assigns specific meaning to each 8 bit
  combination
• A 01000001
• 0 00110000
• 00100110

8
Basic Concepts

• All Hardware components must communicate, whether
  or not the hardware is directly on the
  motherboard or added via an expansion slot.
• Hardware Components
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Motherboard
• Input and Output Devices (I/O)
• Storage Devices (Disks)

9
Basics Continued

• Speed of Operations is important to performance
• CPU speeds measured as a cycle frequency in
  megahertz (MHz)
• Memory speed is rated by time in (nanoseconds).
  
• MHz and nanoseconds are reciprocals. At a speed
  of 1 MHz, one clock cycle is 1000 nanoseconds at
  8 MHz one cycle is 125 nanoseconds etc.
• Hard disk access is measured in milliseconds
  (1/1000)

10
The BUS

• Def Circuits inside the computer that transmit
  information from one part of the computer to
  another.
• Buses have different widths 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit
  64.
• Every Bus has a clock speed measured in MHz and
  usually runs at a sub-multiple of the CPU clock,
  i.e. an 8.25 MHz bus running with a 33MHZ CPU
• Initially there were two basic approaches to
  design
• Bus Oriented Computers - the modular approach
• Single Board Computers - everything on one board

11
The BUS (continued)

• Evolution of the BUS from IBM PC/XT and AT
• BUS Speed Width Chip Year
• PC/XT 4.77 MHz 8 bit 8088 1981
• AT 8 MHz 16 bit 80286 1984
• ISA varied 16 bit 80286/386 1987
• Industry Standard Architecture defined to avoid
  problems arising from chip speed and memory
  exceeding 8MHz
• Dual Bus system - memory and I/O separate
• MCA varied 32 bit 80386 1987
• Micro Channel Architecture - mainframe technology
  in a PC
• Not Backward compatible - a marketing nightmare

12
The Next BUS AGP

• BUS Speed Width Chip Year
• EISA 8.33 MHz 32 bit 80386/486 1988
• Designed to counter MCA and still be
  compatibility with ISA
• Both MCA and EISA became unpopular because the
  added expense did not make the PC seem any faster
  since the video transfer rate was slow.
• Local Bus - a third bus is added for video
• VESA Video Electronics Standards Association
  1992
• PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect by Intel
  1992
• Expanded data path to 64 bit to match Pentium
  chip
• Not truly local has interface between chip and bus

13
CPU Functions

• Microprocessor Chip introduced by INTEL in 1972
• Coordinates all computer activities in
  conjunction with DOS
• Interprets input from various devices and sends
  output to output devices.
• Performs arithmetic calculations (,-,/,x)
• Performs logical operations (gt,lt,)

14
Central Processing Unit (CPU )

• IBM developed the PC around various Chips
• CPU Date Model MIPS
• 8086/8088 1981 IBM PC/XT 0.33-0.75
• 80286 1984 AT 1.2-1.66
• 80386 1986 PS/2 2.5-11.4
• 80486 1989 PS/2 13-81
• Pentium 1993 90
• Pentium Pro 1995 300
• Pentium II 1997 . Now the Pentium III _at_ 550Mhz
• Speed based on CPU, Clock Speed and Bus width

15
History of Intel CPU continued Intel
CPUs

• There are basic families of chips such as 286,
  386, and 486 but there are differences in the bus
  width, clock speed and MIPS within these families
• Chip Bus Speed MIPS
• 286 16 8-16 MHz 1.2-1.66
• 386SX 16 16-33 MHz 2.5-2.9
• 386DX 32 16-33 MHz 5.5-11.4
• 386SL 16 20-25 MHz 4.2-5.3
• 486SX 32 16-33 MHz 13-27
• 486DX 32 25-50 MHz 20-41
• 486SL 32 20-33 MHz 15.4-22