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1
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INDIA

• Little Stories, Big Dreams
• Somik Raha (somik_at_stanford.edu)
• Presented on 08-15-2006
• Stanford India Association
• Independence Day Celebrations()
• You may remove my name and modify anything you
  like.
• I do ask that you let me know if you find any
  errors.

() Modified to include more references and has
minor corrections
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The Persians
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The Persians
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The Persians
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Pronounced Sindhu as Hindu
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Hindus People on the other side of the river
Sindhu
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The Greeks
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Further mispronunciation Indus
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Greek Ambassador to the court of Chandragupta
Maurya Megasthenes
Wrote the book Indica describing the people on
the other side of the Indus.
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Greek Ambassador to the court of Chandragupta
Maurya Megasthenes
Indica became popular in the west as India
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What have we called the land?

• Bharat Varsh The Land of Bharat (an ancient
  Sage-King who realized his Self)
• Aryavarta Land of the Aryans
• Jambudweep Blackberry Island (Bhagvad Puran)

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Name of ancient religion

• Sanaatan Dharma The Eternal Principles
• Known to the world as Hinduism

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The Aryan Invasion Theory

• University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Center
  for Indic StudiesPress Release, July 3, 2006
• Scientists Collide with Linguists to Assert
  Indigenous origin of Indian Civilization Compreh
  ensive population genetics data along with
  archeological and astronomical evidence presented
  at June 23-25, 2006 conference in Dartmouth, MA,
  overwhelmingly concluded that Indian civilization
  and its human population is indigenous.
• In fact, the original people and culture within
  the Indian Subcontinent may even be a likely pool
  for the genetic, linguistic, and cultural origin
  of the rest of the world, particularly Europe and
  Asia. ..
• Interestingly, Witzel stated, for the first time
  to many in the audience, that he and his
  colleagues no longer subscribe to Aryan invasion
  theory.
• Source http//www.umassd.edu/indic/press/origin_
  pr.cfm

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Tricolor Flag
SAFFRON for RENUNCIATION
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Tricolor Flag
PEACE
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Tricolor Flag
AGRICULTURE
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Tricolor Flag
DHARMA or ETHICS Ashoka Chakra
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DHARMA or ETHICS Ashoka Chakra
3rd Century BCE
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Foundation of Ancient Indian Society

• REALIZATION
• DESIRE
• WEALTH
• ETHICS

MOKSHA KAAMA ARTHA DHARMA
Source The Arthashastra by Kautilya
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Ethics in Ancient Indian Society

• EDUCATION
• DEFENCE
• TRADE
• AGRICULTURE

BRAHMIN KSHATRIYA VAISHYA SHUDRA
Based on Profession Source The Arthashastra by
Kautilya
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Source The Arthashastra
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BUDDHA
Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great
sights
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BUDDHA
Old Man
Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great
sights
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BUDDHA
Old Man
Sick Man
Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great
sights
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BUDDHA
Old Man
Dead Man
Sick Man
Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great
sights
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BUDDHA
Old Man
Dead Man
Sick Man
Sage
Prince Siddhartha, kept in palace Four great
sights
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BODHI DHARMA
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BODHI DHARMA
5th Century CE
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BODHI DHARMA FOUNDER OF THE SHAOLIN SCHOOL OF
MARTIAL ARTS FOUNDER OF CHAN or ZEN
BUDDHISM His master PRAJNATARA
5th Century CE
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MEDICINE Susruta
Worlds first Plastic Surgeon, 6th century BCE
(150 years before Hippocrates) First physician to
advocate Caesarean operation
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• 0

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• 0

Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by
Leonardo Fibonacci
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• 0

Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by
Leonardo Fibonacci
Translated from Arabic work of Abu Jafar
Muhammad Ibn (al) Khwarizmi
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• 0

Algorismus corruption of al-Khwarizmi
Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by
Leonardo Fibonacci
Translated from Arabic work of Abu Jafar
Muhammad Ibn (al) Khwarizmi
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Algorithm

• 0

Algorismus corruption of al-Khwarizmi
Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by
Leonardo Fibonacci
Translated from Arabic work of Abu Jafar
Muhammad Ibn (al) Khwarizmi
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Khwarizmi documented work of Indian mathematician
Mahaavira (born 850 BC)
Algorithm

• 0

0
Algorismus corruption of al-Khwarizmi
Introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages by
Leonardo Fibonacci
Translated from Arabic work of Abu Jafar
Muhammad Ibn (al) Khwaizmi
Source http//www.pantaneto.co.uk/issue5/arsham.h
tm
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ZERO

• 0

FROM THE VEDAS SHUNYAM NO BEGINNING, NO END, A
CIRCLE
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ZERO

• 0

Upanishads
This is whole and that is whole From the whole
comes the whole When you remove the whole from
the whole, what remains is still the whole
Purnamadaha Purnamidam Purnaat Purnamudachyate Pur
nasya Purnamaadaya Purnameva Avasishyate
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ZERO

• 0

Upanishads
This is zero and that is zero From zero comes
zero When you remove zero from zero, what
remains is still zero
Purnamadaha Purnamidam Purnaat Purnamudachyate Pur
nasya Purnamaadaya Purnameva Avasishyate
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Mathematics

• 0

Ganitam or Mathematics dates to 2000 BCE.
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Mathematics
Aryabhatta and Bhaskaracharya wrote treatises on
Mathematics (5th and 12th century CE)

• 0

Ganitam or Mathematics dates to 2000 BCE.
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Mathematics
Aryabhatta and Bhaskaracharya wrote treatises on
Mathematics (5th and 12th century CE)

• 0

Al-Khwarizimi called it Al-Jabr meaning the
reunion of broken parts
Ganitam or Mathematics dates to 2000 BCE.
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Mathematics
Aryabhatta and Bhaskaracharya wrote treatises on
Mathematics (5th and 12th century CE)
This is the origin of ALGEBRA

• 0

Al-Khwarizimi called it Al-Jabr meaning the
reunion of broken parts
Ganitam or Mathematics dates to 2000 BCE.
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Mathematics

• TRIKONAMITI - TRIGONOMETRY
• JAMITI - Geometry

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Mathematics
PYTHAGORAS Came to Indian in 513 BCE as a
student Studied under the Educators
(Brahmins) Left as a teacher Yavanacharya the
Ionian Teacher
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Rabindranath Tagore, Indias first Nobel Laureate
in Literature, 1913
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The Indian Ethos
The spirit of India has always proclaimed the
ideal of unity. The ideal of unity never rejects
anything, any race, or any culture. It
comprehends all, and it has been the highest aim
of our spiritual exertion to be able to penetrate
all things with one soul, to comprehend all
things as they are, and not to keep out anything
in the whole universe to comprehend all things
with sympathy and love. This is the spirit of
India India is there to unite all human races.
Tagore in his Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech
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Celebrating Islamic Contribution
Akbar, 16th Century, CE
Codified first ever minority rights document
Had a Hindu wife and appreciated Hinduism
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Taj Mahal
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Taj Mahal
Built by Emperor Shah Jahan, out of love for his
departed wife Mumtaz Mahal
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Sufism
Mystic Poet Musician Created the Tabla (Indian
Percussion Drum)
Amir Khusrau
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The British

• What did India absorb most from the British?

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The British

• What did India absorb most from the British?
• ENGLISH

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FREEDOM
Where the mind is without fear and the head is
held high Where knowledge is freeWhere the
world has not been broken up into fragments By
narrow domestic walls Where words come out
from the depth of truthWhere tireless striving
stretches its arms towards perfectionWhere the
clear stream of reason has not lost its way Into
the dreary desert sand of dead habitWhere the
mind is led forward by Thee Into ever-widening
thought and actionInto that heaven of freedom,
my Father, let my country awake            From-
Rabindranath Tagore's Geetanjali
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Mahatma Gandhi
Led Indias non-violent freedom movement Had a
direct impact on the United States - Martin
Luther King followed Gandhis path MLK called
Gandhi the greatest Christian of the 20th
century.
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Netaji Subhash Bose Led Indias alternative
freedom movement Organized the Indian National
Army to fight the British
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External Freedom Alone

• This is the first step, not the last

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External Freedom Alone

• This is the first step, not the last
• For upliftment, we need to help create and spread
  economic freedom

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External Freedom Alone

• This is the first step, not the last
• For upliftment, we need to help create and spread
  economic freedom
• Not through coercion, but through voluntary action

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Mahatma Gandhi

• Pioneered Social Ventures for economic
  independence

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Social Entrepreneurship

Womens cooperative in Anand, Gujarat
Verghese Kurien
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Arvind Eye Hospital
Video Screening 35 mins After dinner
Dr. Venkataswamy 1918-2006
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Please take some time to reflect on Indian Ethos
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Please take some time to reflect on Indian Ethos
--------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ CUT, PASTE
LAMINATE
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The Jana Gana Mana Story
Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anth
em_of_India
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• "He (Tagore) got up very early in the morning
  and wrote a very beautiful poem.... When he came
  down, he said to one of us, 'Here is a poem which
  I have written. It is addressed to God, but give
  it to Congress people. It will please them."

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• "A certain high official in His Majesty's
  service, who was also my friend, had requested
  that I write a song of felicitation towards the
  Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused
  a great stir in my heart. In response to that
  great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in
  Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Vidhaata of India
  who has from age after age held steadfast the
  reins of India's chariot through rise and fall,
  through the straight path and the curved. That
  Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective
  Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never
  be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even
  my official friend understood this about the
  song. After all, even if his admiration for the
  crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple
  common sense."

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Jana Gana Mana A Spiritual Prayer

• Glory to the ruler of the minds of all people,
  the controller of Indias destiny!
• From Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, to the
  Southern lands and Bengal, from the Vindhyas,
  Himachals, the dancing waters of the Yamuna and
  Ganga,

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Thy name arouses them all They all seek thy
blessing and sing to thy glory
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Glory to the well-wisher of this sea of humanity,
the controller of Indias destiny. Glory to thee,
Glory to thee, Glory to thee Glory to thee!
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• Jana Gana Mana
• Adhinayaka Jaya Hey
• Bharata Bhagya Vidhaata

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• Punjaaba Sindha Gujarata Marathaa
• Dravida Utkala Bangaa
• Vidhya Himachala Yamuna Gangaa
• Ucchala Jaladhi Tarangaa

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• Tava Shubha Naame Jaage
• Tava Shubha Ashisha Maange
• Gahey Taba Jaya Gaatha

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• Jana Gana Mangala Dayaka Jaya Hey,
• Bharata Bhagya Vidhaata
• Jaya Hey, Jaya Hey, Jaya Hey
• Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey