The Basis for Planning

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The Basis for Planning

• ESP 171 Urban and Regional Planning
• S. Handy
• 4/3/08

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Where we grow
How we grow
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Lets think

• If planning is the process by which our society
  decides what gets built where
• What happens if we dont plan?

When individuals act in their own self-interest,
does it add up to good? Smiths invisible
hand bad? Hardins tragedy of the commons
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Planning Tensions

• Self-interest vs. greater public good
• Public vs. planners in control

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The 19th Century City
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Planning Traditions

• Design/architecture ? general plans
• Law/regulation ? zoning

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Legal Basis

• Nuisance law power to curtail activity that
  constitutes a nuisance
• Police power power that permits government to
  restrict private activities in order to protect
  the public health, safety, and welfare and
  public morals in California

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Early Use

• Public restraint on private businesses
• Noxious industrial uses, e.g. slaughterhouses,
  glue factories
• Racially motivated restrictions, e.g.
  Chinese-owned laundries

http//wnyheritagepress.org/photos_week_2004/gowan
da/gowanda_glue_factory.htm http//www.parl.ns.c
a/mhfalt/images/townpic1large.jpg
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Milestone

• 1916 New York Zoning Act
• Restrict building heights
• Improve tenements
• Protect existing neighborhoods from speculation

The Equitable Building 1915
http//www.nyc-architecture.com/LM/LM059.htm
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Cumulative Zoning
SF
Multi-family single-family
Commercial multi-family, single-family
Industry commercial, multi-family, single-family
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Zoning Challenges

• due process
• equal protection
• just compensation takings

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1926 Euclid Decision

• Complex conditions of our day city crowding
  as legitimate rationale
• Concern over protection of property values
• Biases against cities and lower classes

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Euclidean Zoning

• Division of land into districts
• Equal treatment of property owners within each
  district
• What is allowed
• Land uses
• Intensity of development

http//scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-051
22004-113700/unrestricted/BurdetteFINALmajorpaper.
pdf
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• Euclidean Zoning in Practice
• Separation of uses

http//www.rockvillemd.gov/masterplan/towncenter/z
oning.jpg
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• Euclidean Zoning in Practice
• Segregation by income

tsl8.blogspot.com/2007/07/zoning-by-income.html
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The 19th Century City
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Design Solutions
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City Beautiful Movement
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1775 and 1880 New York City
Sourcehttp//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/n
ew_york_1755.jpg
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1879 Portland Oregon
Source Drawn and published by E. S. Glover.
A.L. Bancroft Co., lithographers.Available
from the Library of Congress, American Memory
Project, Map Collections
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1791 LEnfant Plan for DC
Source http//www.chipublib.org/digital/lake/CFD
BurnhamPlan.html
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Haussmans Plan for Paris 1853-1879
Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Haussm
ann http//www.ar.utexas.edu/AV/ARC318L/classwrk/
Lect26/pari1.html
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1909 Burnham Plan for Chicago
Source http//www.chipublib.org/digital/lake/CFD
BurnhamPlan.html http//www.mip.berkeley.edu/cgi-
bin/browse_spiro_new/tmp
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Source http//www.mip.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/brows
e_spiro_new/tmp http//www.pageturnbull.com/organ
ization/features/issues/sfplaces/sfcc.html
wikipedia
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City Beautiful Movement Urban Renewal
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Urban Renewal in Boston Aerial view of West End,
July 1958
http//www.yale.edu/socdept/slc/urban/urbanframe.h
tml
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Urban Renewal in Boston Same view, Sept., 1960,
completely destroyed
http//www.yale.edu/socdept/slc/urban/urbanframe.h
tml
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Urban Renewal in Boston Government Center
http//www.yale.edu/socdept/slc/urban/urbanframe.h
tml
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Fill No More the Fillmore, world famous for its
thriving jazz clubs, was bulldozed into oblivion
in an urban renewal project that the
Redevelopment Agency later admitted was intended
to drive all Black people out of San Francisco.
Over 200 Black-owned businesses and 5,000 homes
were destroyed.
http//www.kqed.org/press/tv/neighborhood/fillmore
/photos.jsp
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http//www.sfcityscape.com/features/freeway_map.ht
ml
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Pruit-Igoe 1951-1972
http//web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2004/arts-pruitt-igo
e.html http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt-Igoe
http//www.terraserver.microsoft.com/image.aspx?T
4S11Z15X1857Y10701W1
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Cabrini-Green, Chicagobuilt 1942 1962 rebuilt
starting 1995
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrini-Green
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Garden City Movement
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1902 Ebenezer Howards Garden City of Tomorrow
Source http//www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/
howard.htm
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1902 Ebenezer Howards Garden City of Tomorrow
Source http//www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/
howard.htm
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1928 Clarence Stein Plan for Radburn, NJ
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1928 Clarence Stein Plan for Radburn, NJ A Town
for the Motor Age
http//www.gmu.edu/library/specialcollections/radb
urn3.jpg
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The City - 1939

• What are those bucolic images at the outset
  telling us?
• How is the city depicted? What does the city do
  to people?
• What is the solution to the problems of the city?
• What is the role of the planner in all of this?

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Garden City Movement Suburbanization
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Levittown Long Island Philadelphia
Source http//teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/
000001ad.jpg http//www.mcah.columbia.edu/dbcours
es/ballon/large/levittown_page51_2.jpg http//www
.temple.edu/photo/photographers/haberman/levittown
.JPG
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Today?
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Changing Views
lt1940s
1990s
Suburbs as Solution
City as Problem
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                                     The
Congress for the New Urbanism views disinvestment
in central cities, the spread of placeless
sprawl, increasing separation by race and income,
environmental deterioration, loss of agricultural
lands and wilderness, and the erosion of
society's built heritage as one interrelated
community-building challenge. We stand for the
restoration of existing urban centers and towns
within coherent metropolitan regions, the
reconfiguration of sprawling suburbs into
communities of real neighborhoods and diverse
districts, the conservation of natural
environments, and the preservation of our built
legacy.
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Planning Today
Generation after generation of planning tools
have been added to the pile, with little thought
given to how they all work together FS
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Next Time

• Who does what
• Read Chapters 4 and 5