whole state is army, property of dynastic family, separate dynastic law

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Islam in World Civilization Gunpowder Empires
and Revival and Reform
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Themes

• Three Great Gunpowder Empires Acme of Muslim
  political power (1500-1700) map
• Notion of Universal Empire
• Subjugation of Clergy to State
• Late Sunni Tradition in full efflorescence
• Acceptance of religious syncretism
• Ottoman/Safavid War ? Sunni/Shiite split set in
  relief

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The Ottoman Empire

• Originally a band of raiders, the Ottomans
  become Caesars and masters of an Islamicate
  world empire caliphs, ghazis, Caesar, Family of
  Osman
• Pinnacle with Sulayman the Magnificent (r.
  1520-66)
• Territorial peak in 1638 1529 and 1683 sieges of
  Vienna
• Ottoman Religious Life Bureaucratization and
  Sufism
• Ulama are state employees, serving in positions
  in mosques madrasas and as bureaucrats
• Syncretic Sufi movements
• Ex. Bektashis with eucharist like service,
  trinity
• Ibn Arabis writings become standard works of
  study
• Pictures Tour
  2 Tours 1

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Safavid Iran

• Sufi Tariqa become Alid messianic movement and
  military
• Safavid tariqa originally Sunni founded by
  Shaykh Safi al-Din Founded by Safi al-Din (d.
  1334)
• At some point it becomes militaristic and
  extremist Shiite culminating with Shah Ismail
  (d. 1524) the mahdi and God incarnate
• Conversion of Iran to 12er Shiism
• Pinnacle with Shah Abbas (r. 1587-1629)
• Transition to orthodox 12er Shiism
• Shah and Ulama / state and religion
• pictures

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Mughal Empire

• General history The Indian Timurids
• Akbar (d. 1556-1605)
• Muslim overlords ruling with cooperation of Hindu
  princes and population
• Muslim/Hindu Accretion
• Sulh-e kul universal reconciliation
• Rural Sufi tariqas basically Hindu, Hindi
  writings
• Akbar becomes vegetarian and prohibits slaughter
  of animals on certain days to please Hindus and
  Jains din ilahi religion of God universal
  religion with Akbar as head
• Aurangzeb (d. 1707) and breaking the peace
• 1679 starts levying jizya (poll tax) on Hindus

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Jami Mosque built by Shah Jahan in 1648
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Badshahi Mosque built by Aurangzeb in 1670s
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Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan
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The new emperor Aurangzeb
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Baburs court
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Movements of Revival and Reform

• 17th century sees series of (Salafi?) movements
  in peripheral areas
• Notion that community had gone astray
• Questioning Late Sunni Tradition in order to
  regain primordial purity of Islam
• Shirk had led people from tawhid
• Taqlid not acceptable
• Political/Military vs. other Muslims
• Ex. Wahhabi movement in Arabia, Sokoto Caliphate
  in Hausaland, Futa Jallan (d. 1751) in Senegal

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Wahhabi Movement - Emergence

• Arabia on the Eve of the movement
• Alois Musil non-Islamic religion prevelant
  Bedouins sacrifice camels at graves of ancestors,
  area around the grave of Zayd b. al-Khattab
  exempt from taxes
• Dates are really only crop, with some wheat and
  millet all depends on irrigation drought is
  catastrophic
• Settled Sown continuum
• Hierarchy of tribes, with Sulubba at the bottom
  (crafts, repairs)
• Mecca and Medina are centers of Ottoman Late
  Sunni Tradition

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Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab

• b. 1703-4 in Uyayna to family of Hanbalis
  scholars
• Married at age 12, had over 20 wives ? form
  alliances
• His father had written a treatise against the
  veneration of saints inspired by Ibn Taymiyya
• Travels to Mecca Medina and Basra, where he
  studies with scholars who (like Muhammad b. Hayat
  al-Sindi d. 1165/1751) inspire him with idea of
  returning to Tawhid and using hadith to do so
• In 1740 becomes judge in Uyayna where the amir
  of the city sees the shaykhs teachings as a
  basis for political power, amir has some sacred
  trees chopped down, but angers peoples and has to
  flee the city angers Shiite in al-Hisa
• In Diriyya he meets Muhammad b. Saud in 1744.
• Alliance formed between the Shaykh the Imam

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Wahhabi Ideology

• Jahiliyya vs. Tawhid (no saints or idolatry) /
  Sunna vs. Taqlid (go back to Hadiths)
• Manifestations of Pure Tawhid
• Practice and rejection of cultural accretion
  Anti saints, cults and dhikr, but not against
  Sufism per se
• Intention Anti- riya
• Social Abolishes hierachical practices such as
  handkissing
• Moral revival Condemns greed and usury,
  encourages morals and kindness
• Sunna
• rejection of loyalty to a school of law ? ijtihad
• rejection of foreign sciences in Islamic thought
• Anti Shiite (ex. refutations written by his son
  Abdallah)
• Political link to Sauds linked to and loyal to
  amir, who is responsible for caring for community
  and setting up proper Islamic society, Saudi amir
  is called imam
• It is interesting that he is rejecting staples of
  Ottoman nobility (booze, tabacoo, zikr, silk)

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History of Wahhabi Movement

• After Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
• 1801 Wahhabi troops attack Kerbala
• 1803 Wahhabis capture Mecca and Medina
• 1812 Ibrahim Pasha sent to crush Wahhabis in
  Nejd, 1818 he captures Diriyya and has grandsons
  of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab imprisoned or killed
• Saudi/Wahhabi State Round Two!
• 1902 Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud (d. 1952) takes Riyadh
• Creation of Ikhwan and Hijras c. 1912
• 1924 Ikhwan attack Mecca and Medina, massacre at
  Taif, Ibn Saud enters Mecca as a pilgrim upon its
  surrender
• 1932 kingdom of Najd and Hijaz declared
• 1933 Aramco formed, first serious oil pumped in
  1948 in early 50s Saudis get 50 of revenue
• Making Peace with the World vs. Auto-Immune
  Disorder of Fundamentalism
• 1920 Ikhwan attack Kuwait, Brits drive them back
  with bombs
• 1929 Ibn Saud fights war with Ikhwan at Battle of
  Sibla, Ibn Saud crushes the Ikhwan and destroys
  their camps Ikhwan at an end
• Problem of settling Bedouins and paying them
  stipends to prevent further attacks and raiding,
  this of course gets easier in the 1940s when
  real oil revenue starts coming in.
• But its not gone! Haram takeover in 1979 by
  Juhaiman al-Utayba

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Usman don Fodia and the Sokoto Caliphate

• Rejects of elitism of Muslim scholars
• Rejects pantheistic worship trees etc.
• 1804-08 Jihad against those who refuse to
  purify their Islam book Revival of the Sunna
  and Extinguishing Bida
• Establishes Sokoto State has total of 13 wives
  anti-racism and tribalism
• Makes Islam a widely practiced religion amongst
  the Hausa and Fulani

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Slide 1
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Sad, the brother of Ibn Saud, killed in battle
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Ikhwan Troops on the March
back
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Ibn Sauds Close family