Social Trends of Women

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Social Trends of Women
Barbara, Maggie, Lisa
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Contents

• Introduction
• Hypothesis
• Marriage trends
• Pregnancy trends
• Education
• Economics
• Overall Conclusion
• Works Cited

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Introduction
Over the past decades, as a result of feminist
movement, women have been pushed more to
education and careers as opposed to familial
ties. We examined trends in education levels,
income, pregnancy, family size, and marriage age
to support our hypothesis.
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Hypothesis

• We believe women are
• getting married and having children later
• having fewer children and more abortions

• As a result of
• more education
• more job opportunities with higher income

Article
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Woman and Familial Trends Hypotheses

• Marriage age postponed

• Household Size decreases

• Age of motherhood increase

• Abortions numbers increase

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Data Table
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Pregnancy Trends

• over the past 60 yrs. the most popular age span
  for having children has been 20-24 yrs. old

• in the year 2000 the age span w/ the most
  children is 25-29

• in 1975 the number of childbirths was at a low
  most likely due to Vietnam War
• jobs

• over the past 20 yrs. more older women are
  having more children

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Data Table
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Marriage Age Trends

• women are getting married at a later age
• the age of marriage is increasing at an
  exponential rate of two

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Data Table
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Household Size Trends

• the household size has been
  decreasing at a constant rate
• one of the main factors
  is that women are
  having less children
  per
  family

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Data Table
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Abortion Conclusions

• since 1970 the number of abortions has gone up

• womens rights

• single mothers

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Conclusions

• women are getting married and having children at
  a later age
• they are having more abortions so that they can
  have children later
• the household size has gone down because of less
  children theyre having overall

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Educational Trends

• educational opportunities growing through
  feminist movement
• high school
• undergraduate school
• graduate school
• women outnumbering men

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Data Table
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Box Plot Conclusions

• more women are graduating then men
• womens middle fifty percent covers a wider
  range
• high school becoming requirement
• possible reasons fewer men, Vietnam

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Data Table
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Box Plot Conclusions

• more women are graduating college then men
• womens plot covers a wider range
• Outliers Vietnam, womens liberation, college
  not required for good job
• educated in specialized areas allowing
  possibility for a good job

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Data Table
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Graph Conclusions

• r -1, results in a steady downward trend
  exponentially
• women are attaining more basic levels of
  elementary education
• possible reasons new laws require education
  until age 16

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Graph Conclusions

• r 1, continuing to increase at a steady rate
  logistically
• increase b/c high school education needed for
  jobs
• in 1940s and 50s high school not needed for jobs
  close to home as mush as today

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Graph Conclusions

• r 1, increasing at steady exponential rate
• in 40s 60s college education not needed to
  attain a good job
• small percents earlier b/c women not offered as
  many job opportunities
• steep increase over last 30 years b/c of
  financial aide, scholarships, and change in
  social standing

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Conclusions
Women are completing and enrolling in
institutions of higher learning in larger numbers
with each passing year, specializing them in
particular fields of study and further preparing
them for important careers in the working world.
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The Economics of Womens Social Trends

• The mean income of family households married
  couple families and male and female householders
  with no spouse
• Womens income as a percentage of mens income
• Number of children and the mean family income
• The education attainment of females over 25 and
  their mean income
• Percentage of women that earn more than their
  husbands

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Income Hypothesis

• Women householders have a lower income
• More education correlates to a higher income
• Larger families have a higher income
• Womens income as a percentage of mens has
  increased
• Increase in the number of women earning more than
  their husbands

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Data US CensusHistorical Data
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• Married couple families have a higher mean income
  
• Data for the couples includes double income
  families
• Couples graph and the mens graph are very close
  in the late 1960s and early 1970s
• Possibly due to less women in the workforce
  contributing to the familys income
• Women householders have lowest mean income

Analysis
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Data US CensusHistorical Data
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Analysis

• Womens income as a percentage of mens has
  increased by 12.6 percentage points since 1960
• In 2000, on average, womens income was 73.3 of
  mens income
• This is due to more equality in the work force

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The Mean Income of Families with related Children
under 18 ( in 1986)
Data US CensusHistorical Data
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Analysis

• One and two children family have very similar
  incomes
• Four children families significantly drop in
  income
• In 1986, families with six children, on average,
  made 12,418 less than one children families

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Womens Education Levels
Data US CensusHistorical Data
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Mean Income for Education Levels
Data US CensusHistorical Data
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Analysis

• The largest numbers of women receive a high
  school diploma
• The mean income for a woman without a high school
  education is 23.8 of a womans income with a
  doctorate degree

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Married couples with Double income
Married Couples

• Husband and Wife both with an income
• Single Income

• Husband earning a higher income
• Wife earning a higher income

Data US CensusHistorical Data
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Analysis

• In 60 of married couples the husband and wife
  both have an income
• This percentage has increased by 8.1 percentage
  points since 1981, due to more women turning to
  the work force

• In 78 of married couples with a double income,
  the husband earns a higher income
• This may be due to more women working part time
  because of children
• This percentage has dropped by 6.6 percentage
  points since 1981

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Income Conclusions

• Married couple families have a higher income than
  single parent families
• Wage comparisons between men and women has
  increased over the years
• Families with more children have lower incomes
• As education level increases, income increases
• In married couples, more husbands earn a higher
  income

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Overall Conclusions

• Our research has shown that more and more woman
  are having children in their later years and
  having less children overall, this seems to
  correlate with the research that showed
• more women are graduating from high school,
  undergraduate school, and graduate school
• more women are in the work force and are
  providing for themselves under more equal incomes
  compared to those of men

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Sources of Error

• Population increase
• More women in general
• Household size incorporates all family members
• Multiple data sources do not coincide with each
  other

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Works Cited

• Census population
• National Center for Education Statistics
• High school and college numbers
• US CensusHistorical Data
• Abortion Rates
• Marriage Ages
• Motherhood Ages
• Household Size

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THE END