American History Ignored

1
American History Ignored

• Native American History Challenges and Inclusion

2
Theories on Immigration

• Originally scholars focused on artifacts and
  finds on sites here in the Americas
• Clovis Site
• Argued for one Bering Land Bridge migration of
  Large Animal Hunters
• Languages were studied later
• Argued for as many as four possible migrations
  One Coastal Migration hopping by canoe to avoid
  Ice, One by land as an iceless corridor opened
  up, and one by sea after the land bridge
  disappeared.
• DNA tests carried out more recently
• Suggests another group carrying DNA codes from
  Melanesian Peoples. Likely came across Pacific
  in canoes to South America

3
Early American Civilizations

• Mississippian moundbuilders
• Ca 1000 CE-1400
• Part of an extensive trading network from central
  Mississippi valley outward
• Centered on Cahokia in Illinois near Missouri
  border
• Built large mounds for ceremonial purposes
• Anasazi
• 490 CE- 1300 in Southwest
• Built Pueblo style communities and farmed

4
Cultural Areas

• Eastern Woodlands
• East of Mississippi River
• Sometimes divided between North and South
• Farmers who lived in settled villages, female
  dominated.
• Great Plains
• Between the Mississippi River and the Rocky
  Mountains
• Nomadic hunters who traveled in bands, male
  dominated.
• Mountain Plateau
• Between the Rockies and the Cascade Mountains
• Sometimes also divided into Southwest and
  Northern
• Some were settled farmers, some were nomadic
  hunter or nomadic raiders, male dominant in
  north, female in the southwest.
• Northwest
• Modern day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British
  Columbia
• Migratory with specific camps, male dominated

5
Famous Natives

• Massasoit (Ousamequin) -Wampanoag chief (Sachem)
  who negotiated with Plymouth colony.
• Tecumseh-Shawnee with connections to the Creek
  and Cherokee. Tried to form coalition on
  woodland tribes. Killed in battle during War of
  1812.
• Sacajawea- Shoshone Tribe. Guided Lewis and
  Clark.
• Sitting Bull-Sioux Tribe. Elected Chief in 1867.
  Part of Battle of Little Big Horn.
• Geronimo-Apache medicine man. Carried out the
  longest resistance to American encroachment.
• Chief Joseph-Nez Perce chief who led army on
  running retreat to avoid going on a reservation.
• Sealth-Suquamish and Duwamish Chief.
  Accomodationist who is controversial among Native
  Americans.

6
Columbian Exchange

• Plants-(Native) corn, squash, many beans,
  chilies, tomatoes, potatoes.
• (European) tumbleweeds, lettuce, olives,
  carrots, onions
• Animals-(Native) Turkey, llama, guinea pig
• (European) horse, cow, pig, sheep
• Disease-(Native) Syphilis?
• (European) small pox, chicken pox, typhoid,
  influenza, whooping cough, etc.

7
Bibliography

• Eckert, Allan. A Sorrow in Our Hearts The Life
  of Tecumseh. New York Bantam Books, 1992.
• Crosby, Alfred. The Columbian Exchange. New
  London, Connecticut Greenwood Press, 1972.
• Nash, Gary. Red, White, and Black. New York
  Prentice Hall, 2005.
• Cronon, William. Changes in the Land. New York
  Hill and Wang, 2003.
• Nies, Judith. Native American History. New
  York Ballantine, 1996.