Western River Basin District Galway Crises

1
Western River Basin District- Galway Crises
2
National Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks
Incidence of Cryptosporidiosis in Irish Public
Water Supplies 2000-2008 (13.7 per 100,000
persons)
Mullingar 2002
Galway 2007
Carlow 2005
Ennis 2005-2008
Clonmel 2007
Number of cases reported to the Health Protection
Surveillance Centre 2005 558 cases 2006 361
cases to Sept 2007 532 cases (incl Galway City
Incident)
3
Outline

• Measures In Water Framework Directive
• Risk Assessment For Cryptosporidium
• Galway City Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak 2007
• Draft National River Basin Management Plan

4
Water Framework Directive - Implementation
Programme Of Measures Investigations
Water matters Booklet (SWMI)
Article 5 Characterisation Report
Directive Enters into Force
2008
2006
2007
2009
2000
2004
Publish draft RBMP
Monitoring Programmes Annex V operational
Source WRBD
5
Water Framework Directive Water Protection

• Article 1 Drinking Water Directive
• Article 4 Environmental Objectives
• Article 6 Register Of Protected Areas
• Article 7 Drinking Water Protected Areas
• Article 8 Monitoring
• Article 10 Protection From Point And Diffuse
  Sources
• Article 11 Programme Of Measures
• Article 13 River Basin Management Plans

6
Cryptosporidiosis Risk Assessment
Oocyst Attached To Bovine Stomach Wall
SEM Of Oocyst
7
Scottish Risk Assessment For Cryptosporidium

• Exposure Of Catchment
• Agriculture
• Sewage
• Abstraction Point
• Water Treatment
• Monitoring

8
Scottish Risk Assessment For Cryptosporidium -
Factors

• Exposure Of Catchment
• Grazing
• Excessive Runoff
• Agriculture
• Farm Yards
• Inadequate Storage
• Water Treatment
• Unfiltered Or Filters By-Passed
• Fluctuations In Raw Water

• Abstraction Point
• Poor Operation
• WTW In-excess Of Design Capacity
• Sewage
• High Waste Water Returns
• Urbanising Of Catchment

9
Cryptosporidiosis Seasonality
After Dr Kevin Kelleher Assistant National
Director of Population Health-Health Protection
10
Water Quality Supply Issues 2007
Source The Provision and Quality of Drinking
Water in Ireland A Report for the Years
2006-2007. EPA, 2007
11
EPA Notifications - 2007
Source The Provision and Quality of Drinking
Water in Ireland A Report for the Years
2006-2007. EPA, 2007
12
EPA Directions - 2007
Source The Provision and Quality of Drinking
Water in Ireland A Report for the Years
2006-2007. EPA, 2007
13
Galway City Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak March
2007

• Initial Contact March 13th, 2007
• Boil Water Notice March 15th, 2007
• Two Sources Identified March 19th, 2007
• Old Terryland WTW
• Headford WTW
• April 3rd, 2007 24 Sick Patients Sampled
• 19 Cases Of Cryptosporidium hominis
• Headford And Old Terryland WTW Shut Down

Source The Provision and Quality of Drinking
Water in Ireland A Report for the Years
2006-2007. EPA, 2007
14
Galway City Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak March
2007
Galway City Water Supply (March 2007)
2007 Demand 47,000 m3/day Sources New
Terryland WTW 30,000 m3/day Old Terryland WTW
15,000 m3/day Luimnagh WTW 2,000
m3/day
New Terryland Water Treatment Plant
Abstraction Point Old Terryland WTW
Old Terryland Waterworks
River Corrib
15
Lower Lough Corrib
Clare River
Lower Lake
River Corrib
16
Three Monthly Rainfall Amounts
17
Flood Levels
Hydrograph of Water Level on River Clare at
Claregalway Bridge 1996-2008
Soffit of Claregalway Bridge (9.075 m O.D. Malin)
Source EPA Hydronet
12 December 2006 Water level recorded 754 mm
above bridge soffit level
18
Recorded Rainfall September to December 2006
Maxima associated with 2006 flood event shown
highlighted
February 7th to March 7th 2007 158mm rainfall
(154 of average mean rainfall)
19
Areas Affected By Cryptosporidiosis
Source Galway Co. Co. Website
20
EPA Direction To Galway City Council

• Direction issued to Galway City Council requiring
  specific actions within a specific timeframe
• Cease mixing treated water from New Terryland WTW
  with the treated water from the Old Terryland WTW
• Cease the use of Old Terryland WTW
• Install turbidity meters linked to SCADA system
• Install UV treatment in New Terryland WTW
• Delays due to
• tendering and procurement required
• sourcing of the treatment units in Canada
• extent of the civil and electrical engineering
  works.
• EPA assessed delays experienced and they were
  deemed valid.

21
Summary Of Factors Contributing To
Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak

• Elevated Surface Water Levels
• Rapid Fluctuations In Raw Water Quality
• Water Treatment Not Efficient
• Gradual Urbanisation Of Catchment

22
Draft River Basin Management Plan

• Achieve Good Ecological And Chemical Status By
  2015
• Legislative Drivers
• Nitrates Directive
• Drinking Water Directive
• Bathing Water Directive
• Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
• Sewage Sludge Directive
• IPPC Directive

23
Draft River Basin Management Plan

• Environmental Objectives
• Nitrate Sensitive Areas
• Waste Water Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations
  2007 (SI684/07)
• Drinking Water Protected Areas
• Safe Guard Zones
• Control Of Point And Diffuse Sources Of Potential
  Contamination
• Water Safety Plan

24
Future Potential For Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks

• Basic Measures Supplementary Measures Low
  Residual Risk Of Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak
• Enforcement
• Appropriate Water Treatment
• Land Use Management
• Control Of Potentially Polluting Activities

25
Sources Of Information

• Met Eireann Rainfall
• OPW Hydrographs
• Third Report of the Expert Group on
  Cryptosporidium in Water Supplies. 1998.
  Bouchier et al.
• Boil Water Notice, March 15th, 2007. HSE West,
  Galway County Council And Galway City Council
• Minutes Of Monthly Meeting Of Galway County
  Council Held At Áras An Chontae, Prospect Hill On
  Monday 26th March, 2007 and April 26th, 2007
• Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in Ireland,
  2004. P. Garvey and P. McKeown
• Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in Ireland,
  2005. HPSC Annual Report 2005
• Carlow County Council Report on Cryptosporidiosis
  Outbreak in Carlow Town and Environs 2005
• River Basin Management Planning A Practical
  Guide For Public Authorities. June 2008. DEHLG
• Cryptosporidium in a Public Water Supply. GSI
  Groundwater Newsletter No. 42. December 2003
• Epidemiology Of Cryptosporidiosis In Ireland,
  2004. EPI-Insight November 2005
• Cryptosporidium Outbreak in a Continuously Tested
  Public Water Supply. EPI-Insight October 2004
• The Provision and Quality of Drinking Water in
  Ireland A Report for the Years 2006-2007. EPA,
  2007
• World Health Organisation (2004). Guidelines for
  Drinking Water Quality. (3rd Ed).
• Dealing with the Threat of Cryptosporidium in
  Water Supplies The Way Forward. Darragh Page,
  Environmental Protection Agency. Sligo IT
  Workshop on Cryptosporidium, October 2007
• Report from the Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis
  Subcommittee of the Scientific Advisory Committee
  of the Irish National Disease Surveillance
  Centre. D. Igoe. NDSC, 2007
• Admiralty Chart, 1846.