Improved Bluegrasses and Ryegrasses for Fairways

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Improved Bluegrasses and Ryegrasses for Fairways

• Dr. Leah A. Brilman
• Research Director
• Seed Research of Oregon

2
Bluegrass for fairways
Requirements Summer patch resistance needed
especially in high traffic areas Ability to take
1/2 inch cut Wear tolerant - entire season Rapid
recovery from divots - should be on seeding
program Resist Poa annua invasion Upright growth
for good lie Powdery mildew, leaf spot resistance
3
Bluegrass for fairways
Requirements Rapid establishment Fine
texture High sod tensile-strength Rapid
recuperative potential Aggressive growth High
turf quality in your area Stress tolerant
4
Types of Kentucky Bluegrasses

• Compact Types CELA Type
• Compact Bellevue Type
• Midnight Mid-Atlantic type
• America Cheri Type
• Aggressive Type BVMG Type
• Julia Type Common Type
• Shamrock Type Other Type

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Types of Kentucky Bluegrasses

• Selection of type of bluegrass for fairways
• NJ Wear - Spring, summer and fall wear
• High performers Low performers
• Compact America
• Midnight BVMG
• Julia Cheri
• Aggressive Common
• Mid-Atlantic
• Repeat with wear, compaction different seasons

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Univ. of Maryland 2000 NTEP Kentucky Bluegrass
Trial2003 Data Mown at 1/2 inch

• 2003
  2003
• Cultivar Quality
  Cultivar Quality
• Julius 8.3 Midnight 6.6
• Limousine 8.1 Midnight II 6.6
• Chicago II 7.9 Champlain 6.3
• Bariris 7.2 Rugby II 6.3
• Ulysses 7.0 Tsunami 6.3
• Kingfisher 7.0 SR 2284 6.2
• Julia 6.9 P-105 6.1
• Rampart 6.9 Liberator 5.6
• Arcadia 6.8 Baron 4.5
• Total Eclipse 6.7 Kenblue 3.2
• LSD _at_ 5 0.8

7
Types of Kentucky Bluegrasses

• Selection of type of bluegrass for fairways
• WI Wear trial - fall wear
• Combined with perennial ryegrass varying
  percentages
• Only obtained 50 KBG with less than 15 rye
• No difference between Midnight types, BVMG types,
  Aggressive types
• Common types less wear tolerant
• Midnight, Fairfax more dominant in blends
• Longer establishment without rye - use sod

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Types of Kentucky Bluegrasses

• IA Wear trial - 1996-2000 NTEP
• Cheri type - Serene
• Other type - Coventry, Chateau
• Common type - Kenblue
• America type - America, good - Unique,
  Brilliant, Apollo, Showcase
• Midnight type - Rugby II, good - Midnight,
  Award, Nustar, NuGlade
• Shamrock type- Champagne

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Compact TypesCompact, Midnight, America

• Low, compact growth
• High quality turf
• 1/2 inch cutting height
• Excellent resistance to Leaf Spot
• Long Winter dormancy
• Variable under Summer stress
• Often purple Winter color

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Compact Type Cultivars
SR 2109 Alpine Ram I Diva Moonshadow Platini Wildw
ood Indigo Moonlight Glade Blackstone Apex Blacksb
urg
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Midnight Type
Characteristics of compact type Very dark green
color Late Spring green-up Good heat
tolerance Susceptible to powdery mildew Variable
resistance to Summer Patch Not good in shade
sites Color shows Poa annua
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Midnight Type Cultivars
Arcadia Rugby II Ginney Odyssey Impact Awesome
Midnight Total Eclipse Barrister Liberator Quantum
Leap Beyond Award Absolute Impact NuGlade Tsunam
i Excursion NuDestiny Midnight II Bluestone
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Arcadia Kentucky blue
Better shade tolerance than Midnight or
Blacksburg Excellent performance in the
Transition zone High summer patch
resistance Improved Dollar Spot resistance
Tolerates reduced mowing heights Excellent root
structure Uses Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields,
Sod Production, Home Lawns (Shaded Areas)
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Odyssey Kentucky blue
Excellent performance under low nitrogen Improved
Dollar Spot resistance Improved Summer Patch
performance than Award and Quantum Leap Tolerates
reduced mowing heights Excels under lower
management Excellent summer persistence Uses
Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields, Sod Production,
Home Lawns
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Aggressive Type
Aggressive lateral growth High shoot density Very
wear tolerant Quickly knit sod and repair May
predominate in blend Variable in other
characteristics Check for disease resistance
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Aggressive Type Cultivars
Cheetah Orfeo Bariris P-105 Touchdown Mystic Limou
sine Northstar
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Aggressive Type Cultivars
Cheetah - PpH 6370 - Cynthia x Limousine Good
with summer wear in NJ, high density, sports
fields, fairways Excellent in low light
intensity Reduced Poa annua invasion High
summer patch resistance Orfeo Rapid
germination, aggressive growth Superior in
Europe for wear tolerance Great for sod
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Julia Type
High turf quality High density Good Summer
performance Moderate Winter performance Good Leaf
Spot, Stripe Smut resistance Susceptible to Brown
Patch, Dollar Spot
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Julia Type Cultivars
Ulysses Rampart Avalanche Julia Caliber Ikone
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Ulysses Kentucky blue
Julia type High performance at 1/2 inch
cut Excellent performance with season long
wear Excellent summer persistence Uses
Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields, Sod Production,
Home Lawns
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America Type
Characteristics of compact type Finer leaf,
higher density Excellent at 1/2 inch Moderate
Winter dormancy Moderate Summer recovery High
Summer Patch resistance Resistant to powdery
mildew Good in shade
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America Type Cultivars
Showcase Apollo SR 2284 Brilliant Kingfisher L
angara America Unique Bedazzled Sonoma Boutique
Royale Arrow Bordeaux Glenmont Mallard
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Kingfisher Kentucky blue
Exceptional spring green-up and winter color Very
fine textured Improved rust and leaf spot
resistance Short internodes for denser canopy and
wear recovery Improved Heat and Drought
Tolerance Excellent performance at 1/2
inch Excellent summer patch resistance Uses
Fairways, Roughs, Sod Production, Home Lawns
(Shaded Areas)
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Showcase Kentucky Blue
Improved fall color, better than Midnight Better
summer stress recovery than Blacksburg Improved
Summer Patch resistance than Blacksburg, Award
Improved Powdery Mildew resistance Short
internodes for denser canopy and wear
recovery Rated top of 1995 NTEP for 1/2 mowing
height
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SR 2284 Kentucky blue
Exceptional spring green-up and winter color Very
fine textured Improved rust and leaf spot
resistance Short internodes for denser canopy and
wear recovery Improved Heat and Drought
Tolerance Uses Fairways, Roughs, Sod Production,
Home Lawns (Shaded Areas)
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Shamrock Type
Moderate Winter color Good resistance to Leaf
Spot Good turf quality and sod strength Billbug
susceptible High seed yields Less stemmy than
BVMG types Summer performance variable Large seed
- quick germination
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Shamrock Type Cultivars
SR 2100 Shamrock Champagne Parkland Champlain Lak
eshore Brooklawn
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SR 2100 Kentucky blue
Performs a lot like an aggressive-type Darker
color than Eclipse and Limousine Better in full
sun than in dense shade Excellent rhizomes, sod
strength Tolerates lower mowing heights Good in
low light intensities Uses Fairways, Roughs, Sod
Production, Home Lawns
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Mid-Atlantic Type
Deep, extensive roots and rhizomes Vigorous turf
medium-high density High Summer stress
tolerance Early Spring green-up Good Winter
performance Rapid recovery from disease Leaf spot
susceptible except SR 2000 and Preakness
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Mid-Atlantic Type Cultivars
SR 2000 Livingston Monopoly Bel-21 Preakness Plush
Eagleton Wabash Cabernet
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BVMG Type - Not for fairways
High seed yields Medium-good turf Stripe Smut
susceptible Medium low growth Large seed - quick
germ
Medium wide leaves Very stemmy turf Poor Winter
performance Billbug susceptible
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BVMG Type Cultivars
Baron Nassau Victa Raven Merit Marquis Gno
me BlueChip Dragon Fortuna Abbey Goldrush Bl
ueStar Crest Cannon
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Common Type - not for fairways
Erect growth and narrow leaf blades Good Summer
stress tolerance (may go dormant) High Leaf Spot
susceptibility Poor Winter color and
performance Early seed production Good for soil
stabilization/conservation
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Common Type(Midwest Ecotypes)
Kenblue Huntsville S-21 Park Geary Piedmont
Alene Greenley Ginger Garfield South Dakota
Cert
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Why Blends and Mixtures
Kentucky bluegrass apomictic Single genotype -
other turfgrass species are mixture of
genotypes Vegetative cultivars comparison Vegetat
ive bentgrasses Vegetative bermudas, zoysias,
St. Augustine Merion Kentucky bluegrass - stripe
smut Not just for disease resistance Winter and
spring growth, shade tolerance
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Science and nonscience of blends
Kentucky bluegrass (Vargas and Turgeon, 1980.
Proc. Third ITRC 45-52.) Melting-out resistance
of blend of two cultivars intermediate between
same cultivars in monostands Inoculum from
susceptible cultivar reduced resistance of
resistant cultivar Blends of two cultivars
generally show resistance intermediate between
each alone
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Science and nonscience of blends
Early blend analysis - Dr. Funk,
Rutgers Sprigged out plants to ID Aggressive
types dominated Aggressive types based on
invasion in plots New DNA techniques allow blend
analysis (Lickfeldt et al, 2002. Crop Sci.
42842-847.) 3-way blend - Unique, Midnight,
Blacksburg Different management and of each at
seeding Final composition, 40 U, 46 M, 14 B

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Texas X Kentucky bluegrass

• Texas bluegrass heat and drought tolerant,
  extensive and deep rhizomes
• Kentucky bluegrass turf quality
• 1st generation low fertility, low germination
• Backcrossed to Kentucky bluegrass
• More extensive rhizomes
• Greater heat and drought tolerance
• Must evaluate for diseases, germination vigor,
  apomixis

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Texas x Kentucky bluegrass
Many first hybrids poor germination Thermal Blue
HB 129 BH00-6002 Improved establishment High
shear strength Excellent rhizomes good
recovery Good wear tolerance in Ohio - not high
Rutgers Have done good in some fairway
trials Additional new hybrids with good
establishment, high drought tolerance
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Texas X Kentucky bluegrass

• Rhizomes on young spaced plants
• Deep rhizomes contribute to recovery
• Bluegrass usage further south
• Top rated for shear strength NTEP

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Perennial ryegrass
Advantages in mixtures Quick establishment
Very dark green color Resistant to different
diseases than KBG/TF Endophyte-enhanced Disadvant
ages in mixtures Overdominate other
components Bunch-type growth Reduced stress
tolerance
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Perennial ryegrass
Advantages and varietal needs Rapid establishment
- Best species for establishment during
play Winter-active growth for many
uses Daylength-dependent dwarf types less
suitable Decumbent, spreading growth - superior
in Europe for repair Reduce nitrogen
requirements Best in regular trials may not be
best in wear trials
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Benefits of Perennial ryegrass
Benefits of adding endophyte-enhanced ryegrass to
Kentucky bluegrass Richmond and Shetlar
Percentage of perennial rye added to blue Above
40 bluegrass webworm protection Hairy chinch
bug damage down more perennial ryegrass added No
documentation of percentage in other
species Complex of different species and
different endophyte strains
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Perennial ryegrass
Gray leaf spot resistance Important in MidWest,
transitional zone and now California California
reports in both permanent and overseeded
turf Seedlings most vulnerable Warm, moist
conditions, especially with less hours of
sunlight Rapid advances in resistance
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Wear Trials 1999 NTEP Perennial Ryegrass
Trial2003 Data Mean two locations

• 2003
  2003
• Cultivar Quality
  Cultivar Quality
• SR 4500 5.9 Gator 3 5.0
• SR 4350 5.8 Barlennium 4.9
• Citation Fore 5.8 Amazing 4.7
• LS 2100 5.7 Pinnacle II 4.7
• SR 4220 5.6 Charger II 4.7
• Catalina II 5.6 Admire 4.6
• Paragon 5.6 Affinity 4.5
• Mach I 5.4 Promise 4.3
• Racer II 5.4 Panther 4.0
• Stellar 5.3 Linn 2.9
• LSD _at_ 5 0.9

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Gray Leaf Spot Resistance
Rutgers University - 2001 Trial 1-9, 9
Best 2001 2001 Cultivar GLS
Res. Quality Peregrine
(1425) 7.0 6.4 Integra 6.0 6.1 Pinnacle
II 5.0 5.1 AllStar 2 4.8 5.5 Brightstar
II 4.3 4.0
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Gray Leaf Spot Resistance
Rutgers University - 2002 Trial 1-9, 9
Best 2002 2002 Cultivar GLS
Res. Quality MS1
Comp. 8.0 7.0 Integra Select. 7.0 5.2 SR
4550 (1557) 7.0 4.3 Integra 5.7 3.3 Amazin
g 5.0 3.5 Pizzazz 4.3 3.2 LSD_at_5 1.4 1
.0
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Gray Leaf Spot Resistance
Rutgers University - 2003 Trial 1-9, 9
Best 2003 2003 Cultivar
GLS Res. Quality SP
Comp. 7.7 7.2 Panther GLS 7.8 6.9 SR 4550
(1557) 6.0 5.3 Integra C1 6.0 6.7 Integra
4.0 4.2 Pizzazz 3.8 3.8 LSD_at_5 1.2 1.2
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Temperature and Leaf Wetness
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What we know

• Gray leaf spot spores primarily airborne and
  spread by mowers, equipment (How did it get to
  CA?)
• Gray leaf spot overwinters as dormant mycelium in
  dead tissue - cold winters can reduce initial
  innoculum
• Long periods of leaf wetness under hot conditions
  favor the disease
• Initial innoculum builds up under lower
  temperatures then it explodes
• Often first occurs in shady, wet areas

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What we know

• Initial symptoms are an off-color, wilted
  appearance
• Often mistaken for drought stress so irrigation
  is applied increasing period of leaf wetness
  more disease
• Seedlings tend to be more susceptible than mature
  plants - could partially be due to maintenance of
  wet conditions in seedbed
• High nitrogen makes it worse
• Primo in spring can make it worse, but not in
  fall

52
What we know

• Fungicide control
• QoIs - Heritage at high rate good with high
  disease pressure, Compass at label rate sometimes
  has reduced control
• Benzimidazole or Clearys 3336 good except
  highest pressure
• Always add in a contact fungicide for spores
• Resistance already reported to QoIs - switch to
  fungicide with moderate activity for part of year
• Best long term solution lies in breeding for
  resistance

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Ryegrass and GLS
Further studies and needs Pyricularia grisea
(Magnaporthe grisea) can rapidly change
races Currently unknown number of races in US Do
resistance genes work against all current
races? Some variability in results from seedling
trials in NJ and mature plants in MD - high
resistant types remain resistant New germplasm
sources - many resistant genes from European
collections Genetic studies currently being done
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Genetic relationship in GLS
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Ryegrass and GLS
Current and future buying decisions Varieties
take two years to get some production started,
three years for maximum production Current
varieties with good resistance in last NTEP SR
4500, SR 4220. SR 4350 Varieties with improved
resistance in production Peregrine, SR
4550 Varieties available in next few
years Headstart II, SRX 4SP, SRX 4UP3, SRX 4692,
SRX 4682
56
Ryegrass and GLS
Current and future buying decisions Varieties
take two years to get some production started,
three years for maximum production Current
varieties with good resistance in last NTEP SR
4500, SR 4220. SR 4350 Varieties with improved
resistance in production Peregrine, SR
4550 Varieties available in next few
years Headstart II, SRX 4SP, SRX 4UP3, SRX 4692,
SRX 4682
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Turf Quality - Green Velvet Sod FarmPerennial
ryegrass 2004 Data

• 2004
  2004
• Cultivar Quality
  Cultivar Quality
• Peregrine 8.3 Prizm 5.7
• SR 4420 7.7 Seville II 5.7
• SR 4550 7.3 Penguin 5.7
• SR 4500 7.3 Aberelf 5.7
• SR 4010 7.3 Racer II 5.0
• SR 4400 7.3 Calypso II 4.7
• SR 4220 7.3 Omni 4.0
• SRX 45AB 7.0 SR 4200 3.7
• SRX 4510 7.0
• Hawkeye 6.7 LSD _at_ 5 1.9

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Gray Leaf Spot Resistance
2004 Perennial ryegrass NTEP Gray leaf spot
- Rutgers University
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Wear tolerance 50 passes OH
Treatment Name Wear Tol. 1.5 Mowing Height Wear
Tol. 3 Mowing Height Bariris KBG 7.6 7.8 Gra
nde ll TF Rugby ll KBG 6.0 6.3 Rugby ll KBG
Renaissance PRG 6.1 6.1 Aberelf SR4420
PRG 6.3 6.0 Thermal Blue Texas x KBG
hybrid 6.1 6.0 Rendition TF 5.6 6.0 Grande
II TF 5.8 5.6 Barlennium PRG 6.5 5.6 Ne
xus PRG 5.8 5.3 Orfeo KBG 4.6 5.3 Titan,
Kittyhawk Rendition TF 4.3 5.3 Winter
Active Fescue (WAF) 5.0 5.0 Showcase KBG
fine fescues 4.3 4.3 Spring Green
Festulolium 3.6 3.3 Barfest
Festulolium 3.0 3.3 Labyrinth
RTF 3.0 2.6 LSD (0.05) 1.6 1.6
60
Final recommendations
Kentucky bluegrass Use a blend of types to
increase probability of adaptation to all
conditions Include an America-type, a
Midnight-type, an Aggressive-type or Julia type.
Shamrock-types needed in established
turf Perennial ryegras Valuable to add to
Kentucky bluegrass for endophyte-enhanced
resistance Use wear tolerant, GLS resistant
varieties
61
Bentgrass Improvement

• New NTEP Fall, 2003, first data in spring
• SRX 1GD - Dense
• SRX 1GPD - Dense
• SRX 1PDH - Dollar spot, fairway, color similar to
  SR 1119
• DSB - very high dollar spot resistance
• Stress tolerant
• Dense types without excessive thatch
• Improved varieties to blend with current stable

62
Rutgers University 2003 NTEP Bentgrass Greens
Trial2004 Data Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars

• 2004
  2004
• Cultivar Quality
  Cultivar Quality
• SRX 1GD 7.2 T-1 6.1
• CY-2 6.7 DSB 5.9
• Declaration 6.7 Penn A-1 5.8
• Shark 6.7 SR 1119 5.4
• Penn G-2 6.7 L-93 5.0
• Penn G-6 6.4 Pennlinks II 4.9
• Independence 6.4 Alpha 4.7
• SRX 1GPD 6.3 Kingpin 4.6
• LS-44 6.2 Benchmark DSR 4.2
• Penn A-1 6.1 Penncross 3.4
• LSD _at_ 5 0.7

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SRX 1GD Creeping Bentgrass

• Stress tolerant germplasm.
• Very high density for greens
• Bright medium green color.
• High turf quality.
• Dollar spot resistance level like L-93.
• High brown patch resistance
• High fall color retention.
• Picture Puyallup, WA November, 2004

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64
SRX 1GD Creeping Bentgrass

• Rutgers Univ.
• July, 2004
• Greens Trial
• High stress environment
• SRX 1GD rated a 9 by supers

65
SRX 1GPD Creeping Bentgrass

• Stress tolerant germplasm.
• High density for greens and high end fairways
• Bright medium green color.
• High turf quality.
• High dollar spot resistance
• High brown patch resistance
• Early maturity
• Picture Arkansas May 2004

Use this slide if you are going to use a picture.
To make a presentation interesting, you should
have images on at least 50 of the slides.
Without visuals, you will quickly put people to
sleep. You might anyway, but you have a better
chance of keeping their attention if you use some
nice visuals. Pictures can make the presentation
look more professional. Delete this text and
place picture in same area, lining picture up
with top of yellow text. Use 72dpi jpgs
images.To shrink picture proportionally once
its on the slide 1. Click on the picture (note
corner handles). 2. Hold down the Shift key, then
press and drag a corner handle towards the middle
of the picture. 3. Release the Shift key first
then the mouse.
66
SRX 1GPD Creeping Bentgrass

• Rutgers Univ.
• July, 2004
• Fairway Trial
• High stress environment

67
SRX 1PDH Creeping Bentgrass

• Dollar spot resistant.
• Moderately high density for greens and fairways
• Color, texture match SR 1119, Brighton, Sandhill.
• High turf quality.
• High brown patch resistance
• Picture Rutgers Univ., Fairway Trial, July 04

Use this slide if you are going to use a picture.
To make a presentation interesting, you should
have images on at least 50 of the slides.
Without visuals, you will quickly put people to
sleep. You might anyway, but you have a better
chance of keeping their attention if you use some
nice visuals. Pictures can make the presentation
look more professional. Delete this text and
place picture in same area, lining picture up
with top of yellow text. Use 72dpi jpgs
images.To shrink picture proportionally once
its on the slide 1. Click on the picture (note
corner handles). 2. Hold down the Shift key, then
press and drag a corner handle towards the middle
of the picture. 3. Release the Shift key first
then the mouse.
68
DSB Creeping Bentgrass

• Developed by Dr. Rich Hurley.
• Very dollar spot resistant.
• Related to L-93.
• High turf quality.
• Excellent for greens and fairways.
• Moderately high density
• Picture Arkansas May 2004

Use this slide if you are going to use a picture.
To make a presentation interesting, you should
have images on at least 50 of the slides.
Without visuals, you will quickly put people to
sleep. You might anyway, but you have a better
chance of keeping their attention if you use some
nice visuals. Pictures can make the presentation
look more professional. Delete this text and
place picture in same area, lining picture up
with top of yellow text. Use 72dpi jpgs
images.To shrink picture proportionally once
its on the slide 1. Click on the picture (note
corner handles). 2. Hold down the Shift key, then
press and drag a corner handle towards the middle
of the picture. 3. Release the Shift key first
then the mouse.
69
DSB Creeping Bentgrass

• Rutgers Univ.
• July, 2004
• Greens Trial
• High stress environment