Japanese Observational Research Programs in the North Pacific: WPASS and SUPRFISH

1
Japanese Observational Research Programs in the
North Pacific W-PASS and SUPRFISH

• Toshio Suga (Tohoku Univ. / JAMSTEC)
• This presentation is based on the inputs from
• Mitsuo Uematsu (Univ. Tokyo) and
• Hiroaki Saito (TNFRI)

2
Background

• JAMSTEC has been continuously conducting ocean
  observations in the North Pacific directly
  contributing to CLIVAR research under its midterm
  programs (FSY2004-2008).
• No other substantial CLIVAR ocean observation
  programs in the North Pacific have not been
  funded in Japan so far.
• Two CLIVAR-related ocean observational programs
  have started recently W-PASS which is one of
  Japanese SOLAS activities and SUPRFISH which is
  one of Japanese IMBER activities.

3
Western Pacific Air-Sea interaction Study
4
W-PASS (Western Pacific Air-Sea interaction
Study) Linkages in Biogeochemical Cycles
Between Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere July
2006-March 2011 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
Research in Priority Areas \1,084M Mitsuo
UEMATSU (The University of Tokyo) Chair,
Japanese SOLAS Committee
Goal of the W-PASS is to achieve quantitative
understanding of the key biogeochemical
interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and
atmosphere.
5
???????????????????
Material Transport from the Asian Continent and
Deposition
Uematsu et al., 2005
6
???????NOx ?????????NOx emissions in Asia
(Ohara et al., 2006)
H. Akimoto, Science, 2003
11 Mt/year (1.0) 17 Mt/year(1.5) 25
Mt/year (2.3)
7
??????-a???2003???17????Chl.-a after the passage
of Typhoon 17 in 2003
8
W-PASS (Western Pacific Air-Sea interaction
Study) Linkages in Biogeochemical Cycles
Between Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere
A02
A03
9
W-PASS (Western Pacific Air-Sea interaction
Study) Linkages in Biogeochemical Cycles
Between Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere
FSY 2006-2010
-Quantify atmospheric input of material from
land. -Evaluate the contribution of marine
biogenic gases to global climate change.
Atmospheric Input from Land
SO2?Sulfate?CCN?
A01 Dynamics of Atmospheric Composition
Halogens, VOC, N2O, CH4 , etc.
Phyto-plankton Bloom Region
A01-1 Anthropogenic impact on atmospheric trace
species and their effects to the air-sea chemical
interaction PI H. Bando (Osaka Pref.
U.) A01-2 A study on the production and emission
of marine-derived volatile halocarbons PI Y.
Yokouchi (NIES) A01-3 Atmospheric deposition of
particulate trace metals and organic carbon to
the ocean and production processes of marine
aerosols PI M. Uematsu (U. Tokyo) Other
PIs M. Mochida (Nagoya U.), S. Hatakeyama (Tokyo
U. Agric. Tech.), Y. Takahashi (Hiroshima U.)
10
W-PASS (Western Pacific Air-Sea interaction
Study) Linkages in Biogeochemical Cycles
Between Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere
FSY 2006-2010

• Investigate the production and emissions of
  marine biogenic
• gases, their variability and its causes.

SO2?Sulfate?CCN?
Halogens, VOC, N2O, CH4 , etc.
A02 Variability of Gas Exchanges at
the Air-Sea Interface
DMS Emission
CO2 Flux
Dissolution of Trace Metals
Org.C Production
A02-1 Trace gas geochemistry in ocean
surface PI U. Tsunogai (Hokkaido U.) A02-2
Development of direct eddy-covariance system for
the air-sea trace gas flux measurements PI
O. Tsukamoto (Okayama U.) A02-3 Long-term
changes of green house gases in the ocean and it
feedback effect on climate PI Y.W. Watanabe
(Hokkaido u.) Other PIs H. Yoshikawa (Hokkaido
U.), T. Suga (Tohoku U.), S. Toyoda (Tokyo
Tech)
Argo-DO Observation
11
W-PASS (Western Pacific Air-Sea interaction
Study) Linkages in Biogeochemical Cycles
Between Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere
FSY 2006-2010

• Determine the response of marine ecological
  systems to
• changes in atmospheric composition

Satellite Observation
A03 Dynamics of Marine Ecosystem
A03-1 Bioavailability and biogeochemical process
of trace metals in the surface ocean PI S.
Takeda (U. Tokyo) A03-2 Dynamics of biophilic
elements and microbial processes in the surface
ocean PI H. Ogawa (U. Tokyo) A03-3
Ecosystem response to the dust input in the
western Pacific, and its feedback PI A.
Tsuda (U. Tokyo)) A03-4 Mechanism on abrupt
change of primary productivity by air-sea
interaction using satellite remote sensing and
numerical modeling PI S. Saito (Hokkaido
U.) Other PIs S. Chiba (JAMSTEC), J. Nishioka
(Hokkaido U.), K. Furuya (U. Tokyo), K. Hamasaki
(U. Tokyo)
Increase of Nitrogen Fixation Algae
Time Series Observation Lab Exp. On Shipboard
Dissolution of Trace Metals
Changes of N, P, and Si
Org.C Production
Bacteria
Phyto-plankton Bloom and Composition Changes
Food Structure Changes
Argo Observation

Carbon Export
12
W-PASS (Western Pacific Air-Sea interaction
Study) Linkages in Biogeochemical Cycles
Between Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere
FSY 2006-2010
Modelling
A04 Modelling of Interaction between Ocean and
Atmosphere
Dissolution of Trace Metals
Org.C Production
A04-1 Responses of marine ecosystem to weather
disturbances of synoptic scale PI Y.
Yamanaka (Hokkaido U.) Other PIs S. Minobe
(Hokkaido U.), Y. Ishikawa (Kyoto U.)
13
W-PASS (Western Pacific Air-Sea interaction Study)

• Objectives  
• Quantify the transport of natural and
  anthropogenic materials from the Asian continent
  to the western Pacific which contributes to
  primary production in the marginal and remote
  regions.
• Determine the response of marine ecological
  systems to changes in atmospheric composition
  over the western Pacific.
• Investigate the production and emissions of
  marine biogenic gases that might lead to changes
  in atmospheric composition, especially in
  subtropical and subarctic regions of the western
  Pacific.
• 4) Evaluate the contribution of marine biogenic
  gases to global climate change.
• 5) Provide basic knowledge of the interaction
  between global climate change, marine resources,
  and oceanic processes to policy makers.

14
120E
180
120w
60N
30N
Eq.
30S
60S
15
Field Observations 2007 Cruises R/V Tansei-maru
KT-07-7(16-29 Apr) BLOCKS (Bloom Caused by
Kosa Study) KT-07-?(21-25 Oct) Trace metal
cycles in the surface layer around Kuroshio
Current R/V Hakuho-maru KH-07-2 (24-29
Jul)Surface water clean sampling test using a
newly developed "Fish". KH-07-3 (August) Argo
float deployment, bottle incubation in
Subtropical Pacific R/V Mirai MR07-03(June)
equatorial Western Pacific MR07-04(Jul-Aug) A
longitudinal transect from Japan to the North
America along 47N MR07-06(Oct-Nov) Western
Pacific R/V Oshoro-maru (1 Jul-28 Aug) IPY
collaborative research cruises in Arctic Sea and
Bering Sea R/V Wakataka-maru (15l-25 Apr)
Western subarctic North Pacific, Oyashio
region Aircraft observation East China Sea (ca.
2 weeks during Nov-Dec) Aircraft observation
campaign for aerosols over the East China Sea
collaborated with a ground-base intensive
observation at Cape Hedo partly funded by
Global Environmental Research Fund(MOE, Japan)
and by Asian Environment Research Program, Core
Project 1(NIES) On Shore observations
Hateruma Island and Cape Ochiishi High
frequency measurements of methyl halides and DMS
in the atmosphere
16
R/V Hakuho-Maru KH-08-2 (SOLAS / IMBER)
Leg. 1 Tokyo-Hakodate July 30, 2008- Leg. 2
Hakodate-Tokyo -September 19, 2008
Leg.2
Leg.1
17
(No Transcript)
18
SUPRFISH (Study on prediction and
application of fish species alternation)
April 2007-March 2012 \500M Sponsored by MAFF
(Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
of Japan ) Hiroaki SAITO (Tohoku National
Fisheries Research Institution-FRA) Chair,
Japanese IMBER Committee
Goal of the SUPRFISH is to clarify the changing
processes of food organism production associated
with environmental changes, to develop the
forecasting technology of the fish stock
alternations such as sardines and mackerels, and
to develop the technique for securing sustained
fishery resources.
19
Northwestern Pacific Cold phase Sardine dominant
Northwestern Pacific Worm phase Anchovy dominant
While the fish species alternation is considered
to be caused by climate regime shifts, the
mechanism has not been clarified in detail yet.
Why does the particular climatic state work
favorable for one species and unfavorable for
another?
20
Temporal variation of sardine catch
Catch 1930s gt1x106 ton 1965 lt1x104 ton 1988
5.4x106 ton (Resource 1.8x107 ton) 2006
3x104 ton (Resource 2x105 ton)
The resource began to collapse after mid-1980s.
The age composition got older rapidly from late
1980s to early 1990s.
Younger generation continuously failed to join
the resource.
21
Correlation between the winter SST in the
Kuroshio Extension region and the sardine
juvenile mortality
Noto and Yasuda 1999
22
SST change is at most 1oC.
It is large in the context of the ocean climatic
state and affects growth and physiology of fish
to some extent. However, it is NOT fatale and
NOT large enough to menace directly the
existence.
How does this small change in physical
environment cause collapse of the sardine
resource?
23
To clarify processes sensitive to physical
environment, and the food chain structure and
physiological/bionomical features which amplify
the influence.
24
Basic standpoint of SUPRFISH In order to
understand fish species alternation phenomena, it
is necessary not only to study fish itself but
also to study various processes from changes in
physical properties of the climate to changes in
marine ecosystem and integrated them. Assuming
that fish species alternation phenomena are
transitions of marine ecosystem caused by changes
in physical properties of the climate, SUPRFISH
aims at developing the forecasting technology of
the fish species alternations and the technique
for securing sustained fishery resources.
25
Structure of SUPRFISH
Component 1 Physical environment changes causing
transitions of marine ecosystem Lead PI I.
Yasuda (U. Tokyo) Component 2 Response of
lower-trophic-level ecosystem to the physical
environmental changes Lead PI K. Takahashi
(TNFRI) Component 3 Physiological and bionomical
factors related to fish species alternations
Lead PI Y. Ozeki (NRIFS) Component 4 Modelling
of fish species alternations and its application
to fishery resource management Lead PI M.
Makino (NRIFS)
Component 1 Physical environment changes causing
transitions of marine ecosystem
26

• Component 1 Physical environment changes causing
  transitions of marine ecosystem
• Objectives
• To understand large-scale physical phenomena
  associated with fish species alternations and
  clarify their causes, temporal variability and
  premonitory events.
• To identify regional physical consequences of the
  large-scale physical phenomena such as changes in
  intensity and/or temporal evolution of seasonal
  pycnocline, etc.

27
Component 1 Physical environment changes causing
transitions of marine ecosystem Scientifc Themes
A101 Air-sea interaction related to climate
regime shifts PI S. Minobe (Hokkaido
U.) A102 Winter mixed layer process and
circulation in the Kuroshio Extension region
To observe physical environmental changes from
winter to spring. PI S. Kakehi
(TNFRI) A103 Long-term variation and its causes
of the mixed layer in the Kuroshio Extension
region To observe physical environmental
changes affecting lower-trophic-level
production. I. Yasuda (U. Tokyo) A104
Surface-subsurface interaction and its effect on
lower-trophic-level production To understand
effects of physical environmental changes on
lower-trophic-level production T. Suga
(Tohoku U.) A105 Variability of
Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension system and
propagation of its effect based on
eddy-resolving numerical GCM To understand
propagation of ecosystem change by analyzing
horizontal propagation of physical environmental
changes M. Nonaka (JAMSTEC)
28
Analysis of obs. model data A101 Air-sea
interaction A105 Eddy-resolving OGCM
Ship observations A102 Winter mixed layer A103
Long-term ML variations Other observations A101
Sattelite A102 Winter mixed layer
(Glider) A104 Surface-subsurface
interaction (float Chl. DO)
29
Two CLIVAR-relevant observational programs in
Japan

• W-PASS FSY2006- 2010 Japanese initiative of
  SOLAS-CLIVAR collaboration
• SUPRFISH FSY2007-2011 Japanese initiative of
  IMBER-CLIVAR collaboration