UNITED STATES HISTORY

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UNITED STATES HISTORY

• UNITED STATES HISTORY SINCE 1865

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Chapter 15

• RECONSTRUCTION
• 1865-1877

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Chapter 15

• Part A

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PERIOD OF RECONSTRUCTION

• Period of reconstruction 1865-1877
• Period of the Civil War 12 Apr. 1861-9 Apr.
  1865.
• Period of reconstruction can be divided into
  three distinct phases
• Lincoln Phase 1863-1865
• Johnson Phase 1865-1866
• Congressional Phase 1866-1877

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The Wilmer McLean House 9 Apr. 1865
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Factors that will influenceReconstruction
Legislation

• The Constitutional Factor
• Political Factor
• Economic Factor
• Social Factor
• Psychological factor

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Constitutional Factor

• The Constitutional factor is caused by the lack
  of direction that our forefather gave us at the
  time of the writing of the document. However two
  questions come from that dilemma 1. Who is in
  charge during the reconstruction of this nation.
  2. What is the status of the southern states
  after the civil war.

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Political Factor

• Politics has a way of determining many events in
  our lives. The Civil War was no different than
  other events as far as politics is concerned.
  Two political decisions were made by the
  Republicans 1. They took credit for the union
  victory over the south, GOP and GAR were terms
  that came into being. 2. The Democratic Party
  was blamed for the Civil War, trying to destroy
  the Union. Rebels and Democrats.

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Economic Factor

• The economic factor also has two issues. 1. The
  north is going to blame the south for the civil
  war and therefore responsible for the debt of the
  war. 2. The north will try to keep the south
  economically depend on the north.

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Social Factor

• The Social factor also has two points to content
  with 1. The North is going to become obsessed
  with bring social equality to the ex-slave
  through legislation. 2. Protecting the rights
  of the ex-slave through legislation.

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Psychological Factor

• The Psychological factor is the result of the
  other factors but also influenced legislation.
  Two issues 1. The North will try everything to
  protect the right of the ex-slave. 2. The South
  will react in violent ways to the efforts of the
  North.

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Lincoln Phase

• Lincoln phase begins with the issuance of the
  Emancipation Proclamation on 1 Jan. 1863, end
  with the death of President Lincoln on 15 Apr.
  1865.

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Lincoln Phase1863-1865

• The Emancipation Proclamation 1 Jan. 1863.1
• Lincoln Plan Dec. 1863 Also known as the
  Presidential Plan, and the 10 Plan. Provided
  1.That all Confederates except prominent military
  and political leaders could regain citizenship by
  taking an oath to support the Constitution. 2.
  Ratify the thirteenth amendment.

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Lincoln Continued

• 3. That when 10 per cent of number of people in
  each state who had voted in the election of 1860
  met these requirements the could set up a
  government which would be recognized by the
  President.
• Under the Lincoln Plan the states of Virginia,
  Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana where declared
  reconstructed.

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Lincoln Phase Continued

• Reaction to Lincoln Plan
• Wade-Davis Bill
• 1. Congress rather than the President would be in
  charge of reconstruction.
• 2. A majority of the population of each southern
  state, rather than 10, must take an oath of
  allegiance before a government could be
  established.
• 3. High ranking military and political were
  disenfranchised.
• 4. Slavery was abolished.
• 5.Confederate debt was repudiated.

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Wade-Davis Continued

• Lincoln Pocket vetoed the bill.
• Wade-Davis Manifesto
• 5 August 1864 the radicals in newspapers of the
  day publicly castigated the President of the
  United States.
• Lincoln called both Benjamin Wade and Henry
  Winter Davis to his office and offered a
  compromise, allowing the southern states to
  decide which plan to be reconstructed under.

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Death of Lincoln

• Lincoln was shot on the evening of 14 April 1865
  in Fords Theater.
• He was watching the play, Our American Cousin,
  when John Wilkes Booth shot him in the head.
• As Booth landed on the stage he said Sic Semper
  Tyrannis (Thus always to tyrants)
• He died at 722 A.M. 15 April 1865.

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Funeral procession of President Lincoln
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Artist concept of the shooting of President
Lincoln.
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Wilkes Booth fleeing across Fords Theater stage
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The executions of Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt,
David Herold and Mary Surratt
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Thaddeus Stevens 1792-1868
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Johnson Phase

• The Johnson Phase begins with the death of
  President Lincoln on 15 Apr. 1865 to Jan 1866.
  President Johnson will find dealing with the
  Radical Republicans more difficult that Lincoln
  found dealing with the lack of a General during
  the war.

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The Johnson Phase

• Became President upon the death of Lincoln and by
  29 May 1865 came out with his own reconstruction
  plan for the south.
• Proclaimed general amnesty for all Southerners
  except, high ranking military and political
  leaders and people whose wealth exceeded
  20,000.00 or more.
• Recognized the governments of Virginia,
  Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana as reconstructed
  under the Lincoln Plan.

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Johnson Continued

• Informed remaining Southern States that they
  could rejoin the Union when
• When they had repudiated their war debt.
• Abolished Slavery
• disavowed the ordinances of secession
• Ratified the thirteenth Amendment.
• By 5 December 1865 all states save Texas were
  declared reconstructed either under the Lincoln
  Plan or the Johnson Plan.

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Chapter 15

• Part B

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Congressional Phase

• The Congressional phase begins with the ousting
  of the southern delegation to congress and the
  taking control of the policy making process.
  They will control the Presidency and the Supreme
  Court during this particular time in history of
  the United States.

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Steps Taken by Congress to Control the Policy
Making Process

• 4 Dec. 1865 Joint Committee on Reconstruction,
  Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania chairman.
• 19 Feb. 1866 Freedmans Bureau, this is the
  reinterpretation of the first Bureau that had
  been vetoed by President Johnson.
• 9 April 1866 Civil Rights Act, forbade states to
  discriminate against Negroes.

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Howard University 1900
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Steps Continued

• 16 June 1866 Fourteenth Amendment
• All persons born or naturalized in the United
  States were citizens with full rights.
• Southern states must grant Negroes the vote or
  suffer the loss of a portion of their
  congressional representation.
• Former Confederates could not hold office until
  pardoned by Congress
• War debt repudiated.
• Measure enforced by congress.

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Steps Continued

• 7 March 1868 The Act of March of 1868 denied
  Supreme Court Authority over acts of
  reconstruction
• Ex Parte Milligan 1866
• Ex Parte McCardle 1868
• Denied Presidential authority
• The Army Appropriations Act
• The Tenure of office Act

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Impeachment of Johnson

• 21 Feb. 1868 President Johnson dismissed
  Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, 24 Feb. 1868 the
  House voted to impeach Johnson for violating the
  Tenure of Office Act and for other high crimes
  and misdemeanors.
• He escape conviction by one vote three separate
  times.

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Congressional Reconstruction

• 2 March 1867 the first act of reconstruction by
  congress
• That there were no lawful governments in the
  south, except the state of Tennessee.
• The Southern States were divided into military
  districts
• Military district 1 Virginia-commander General
  Schofield
• Military district 2 North and South Carolina
  Commander General Sickles
• Military district 3 Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
  Commander General Pope

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Congressional Phase Continued

• Military District 4 Mississippi and Arkansas,
  Commander General Ord.
• Military District 5 Texas and Louisiana,
  Commander General Sheridan.
• The remaining states could return to the Union
  when
• its voters(black and white) wrote a constitution.
• Negro suffrage must be guaranteed.
• The state constitution must be acceptable to
  Congress and the majority of the people of the
  state.

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Congressional Continued

• Ratification of the fourteenth and reaffirmation
  thirteenth amendment.
• Second Reconstruction Act 23 Mar.
• 1867
• Directed o the Military Commanders
• Launch the necessary proceedings as to the
  registration of voters.
• Make sure an election was held to elect delegates
  to a constitutional convention.
• Assemble the convention
• assure the adoption of the constitution.

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Three Categories of People in the South

• The traditional Southern Whites, would always
  hate the North and all their policies.
• The Ex-slave, who looked to the Republicans as
  their liberators.
• Scalawags, Southerners who sold out to the North.
• Carpetbaggers, people from the north, who came
  South to fill the power vacuum.

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Reconstruction Act 3

• Reconstruction act 3 was largely a retelling of
  the previous legislation reconstruction acts
  numbers 1 and 2.
• One new aspect that was not in the other acts
  was the denying of the oath taking on the basis
  that it was insincere.
• A majority could not be attained for the
  ratification of the constitutions, the process
  stopped.

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Reconstruction Act 4

• All that was needed to ratify the new states
  constitutions was a majority of the votes cast.
• Using that method the Southern states were
  reconstructed under the congressional plan.

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Reasons for Reconstruction Failure

• It became to expensive to maintain troops in the
  South.
• Because of traditions of White rule in the South.
• Many Carpetbag and Scalawags governments were
  corrupt.
• Governor Warmath
• Rise in Middle Class
• The North grew tried of legislation.

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Methods of Southern Opposition to Northern
Legislation

• There were two methods of opposition legal and
  illegal.
• Legal methods included the following
• Blacks Codes, laws that applied only to blacks.
• Literacy Tests, to vote in general elections.

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Legal Continued

• Poll Tax, a tax in order to be able to vote in
  any election.
• Grandfather Clause, if your grandfather had voted
  in an election prior to 1860 then you could vote.

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Illegal Methods

• Klu Klux Klan(KKK) born in Polaski, Tenn. In 1866
• Knights of the White Camellia
• Mississippi Rifle Clubs

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Congressional Response

• Force Act 1870 and KKK Act 1871
• Gave the President the right to supervise
  elections.
• Gave the President the right to suspend the writ
  of Habeas Corpus.
• Gave the President the right to employ the use of
  the military against these illegal organizations.

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Legacy of Reconstruction

• There were beneficial and Harmful results of
  reconstruction the harmful results were
  Provided for the South a less intelligent
  leadership.
• The racial issue/prejudice was increased.
• South became unnecessarily economy minded.

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Results Continued

• The South was fastened with a one party
  government (Democratic Party)
• Hatred between the North and the South increased.
• Beneficial Result
• A more equitable redistribution of property.

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Solid South trampling U. S. Constitution
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Chapter 15

• Part C

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Election of 1868

• The period of history between 1868 and 1900 is
  sometimes referred to as the
• The Gilded Age
• The Age of the Robber Barons
• The Age of Corruption

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Election of 1868

• Republican Candidates for President U. S.
  Grant, for vice-president Schuyler Colfax.
• Democratic Candidates for President Horatio
  Seymour, for Vice-president Francis P. Blair.

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Election Continued

• Republican Platform
• Endorsed radical republican reconstruction.
• Condemned Johnson and the Democrats.
• Endorsed payment of the national debt in gold.
• They were anti-slavery.

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Election Continued

• Democratic Platform
• Condemned radical reconstruction.
• Endorsed the Ohio Idea, of paying the national
  debt in greenbacks.
• Campaign of 1868 Republican used a tactic
  called waving the bloody shirt, against the
  democrats. Its means recalling the Civil War.

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Results of Election

• Grant won the election 214 electoral votes to
  Seymours 80 votes.
• Short biography of U. S. Grant
• Ulysses Simpson Grant was born in Point Pleasant
  Ohio on 27 Apr. 1822. He died in Mt. Mcgregor,
  near Saratoga N.Y. on 23 Jul. 1885.
• He was the 18th. President of the United States.
  He graduated from West Point 1843.

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Ulysses S. Grant 18th President of United States
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Administration of Grant

• The administration of Grant can be divided in to
  distinct phases the domestic affairs and the
  foreign affairs of the Grant Presidency.
• The domestics affairs are really a collection of
  scandals and corruption.
• The Gold Conspiracy scandal Jay Gould, Jim
  Fisk, President Grant, Abel Corbin and George S.
  Boutwell.

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Thomas Nast Cartoon of Grants Corruption
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Domestic affairs continued

• Credit Mobilier Scandal Thomas C. Durant,
  President Union Pacific Railroad Co.,
  Vice-President Shuyler Colfax, Senator Oaks Ames.
• Whiskey Ring Fraud Orville Babcock, personal
  secretary of Grant, and many government
  inspectors and Tax collectors, distillers in the
  Mid-west.

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Scandals Continued

• War Department Scandal W.W. Belknap, Secretary
  of War, Orville Grant, Presidents brother, and
  General George Armstrong Custer
• Grants Foreign Affairs There were two nations
  that were involved in the foreign affairs of
  Grant, England and Spain.

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Foreign Affairs

• The problems with England were two fold our
  first problem with England was called Feniens
  uprising.
• The second problem with England was called the
  Alabama Claims, involving three ships, the
  Alabama, Florida, and Shenandoan.

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Foreign Problems Continued

• In 1868 a revolt broke out in Cuba, the Cuban
  nationals against the Spanish government. The
  United States remained neutral in the situation.
• The Virginius, an gun-running ship illegally
  flying the American Flag was captured by the
  Spanish navy in 31 Oct. 1873.
• All Souls-on Board (53) were summarily shot
  including 8 Americans.
• Secretary Hamilton Fish secured 80,000.00
  indemnity for the families.

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Election of 1872

• The notable thing about this election is that
  both the Democratic and Republican parties were
  split.
• The liberal republicans met in Cincinnati 1 May
  1872 and nominated Horace Greely for president
  and B. Gratz Brown for Vice-president.
• The Regular Republicans met in Philadelphia and
  nominated U.S. Grant for President and Henry
  Wilson for Vice-president.

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Horace Greely (1811-1872)
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Election Continued

• The regular Democratic Party met in Louisville 3
  Sept. 1872 and nominated Charles OConor for
  president and John Quincy Adams II for
  vice-president.
• The liberal wing of the Democratic party met in
  Baltimore on 9 July 1872 and picked the
  Greeley-Brown slate.
• Grant was the victor in 1872 with 286 electoral
  votes, Greeley died 29 Nov. 1872 he got 66
  electoral votes.

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Panic of 1873

• The causes of the Panic
• Over speculation in railroad building.
• Over expansion in industry, agriculture and
  commerce.
• Weakened financial structure due to crime of 73.
• Panic in European markets.
• Actions by Congress to combat the panic The
  Specie Resumption Act 14 Jan. 1875.

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Specie Act Continued

• Congress passed a bill to increase the issuance
  of legal tender to a ceiling of 382 million on
  greenbacks and provided for specie resumption by
  1 Jan. 1879.

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Election of 1876

• Why is the election of 1876 considered important
  
• It is the election that will end reconstruction.
• Marks the return of the Democratic party to
  national politics.
• Marked the systematic reenslavement of the
  ex-slave.

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Election Continued

• The Republican National Convention met at
  Cincinnati 16 June 1876 and nominated for
  president Rutherford B. Hayes from Ohio, they
  also nominated William A. Wheeler of New York for
  vice-president on the 7th balloting.
• James G. Blaine had been the leading republican
  candidate but was tinted by a R.R. scandal.

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Election Continued

• The Democratic Party met at St. Louis 27-20 June
  1876 and nominated Samuel J. Tilden of New York
  for president and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana
  for vice-president.
• Results of election Then election gave Tilden a
  popular vote margin of 250,000. In the electoral
  vote Tilden had 184, Hayes 165. However there
  where disputed votes in four States.

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Compromise of 1877

• Congressional Committee.
• Eight republicans.
• Seven Democrats.
• Provisions of Compromise.
• Rutherford B. Hayes becomes President.
• Withdraw troops from Southern States.
• Appoint Democrat to Cabinet of President.
• Appropriations for Southern internal
  improvements.

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Samuel J. Tilden (1814-1886)
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Rutherford B. Hayes 19th President of United
States(1822-1893)
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