A project of

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• A project of
• Earthlife Africa Johannesburg
• participant in the Energy Caucus

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March 2005

• Energy Caucus Presentation to PPC
• Creating Employment
• Reducing Poverty
• Respect for Future Generations

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Four areas of project activityto promote
sustainable energy andaddress climate change

• Advocacy and building awareness and capacity
• Research and information dissemination
• South-North-South networking and collaboration
• Supporting the South African Climate Action
  Network (SACAN).

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Advocacy and raising awareness

• Advocating social and environmental justice in
  the energy sector and in addressing global
  climate change, including
• Input to government processes e.g. Integrated
  Energy
• Planning (IEP) Renewable Energy
  Efficiency Strategies
• Participation in stakeholder fora, e.g. DME
  workshops NCCC
• Supporting civil society initiatives, e.g. Energy
  Caucus CURES
• Community outreach and capacity building
• Lobbying of decision-makers.

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Information development dissemination

• Producing and distributing information and
  advocacy materials, including
• Sustainable Energy Briefings
• E-mail newsletters SENSE (monthly) CCEN
  (bi-monthly)
• Climate Action News (Quarterly)
• Flyers, fact-sheets, posters, information
  booklets, incl
• Getting to Grips with Global Climate
  Governance
• Getting to Grips with Sustainable Energy
• www.earthlife.org.za

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Research

• Commissioning independent research, for a
  knowledge base focused on public benefits and
  longer term
• Green Power, public benefits and electricity
  sector restructuring (2001)
• Energy Sustainability Indicators for South
  Africa (May 2002)
• Policies and Measures for Renewable Energy and
  Energy Efficiency
• (EDRC with ERI, UCT, April 2003)
• Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in
  South Africa (AGAMA Energy, November 2003)
• The Potential of Renewable Energy in South
  Africa long-term, to 2050
• due April 2005 (RAPs Consulting)

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South-North-South networking collaboration

• Information exchange, civil society collaboration
  and developing solidarity with organisations in
  the South, as well as the North, including
  participation in the global Climate Action
  Network (CAN), Friends of the Earth
  International, Citizens United for Renewable
  Energy and Sustainability (CURES), INFORSE,
  Climate Justice etc.
• Study Tour South Africans to Denmark, incl. DME
  officials and a parliamentarian (May 2003)
• WSSD Civil society position papers (first Energy
  Caucus) and liaison with big NGOs
• Bonn Renewables 2004 follow-up

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South Africa Climate Action Network (SACAN)

• Initial funding to support meetings of SACAN
• Production of information materials, including S
  A Climate Action News (distributed with
  groundWork newsletter)
• Providing secretariat services to the network
• Co-ordination NGO CBO interaction with
  government national processes
• Co-ordinating participation in CAN and
  international initiatives such as CDMWatch and
  Climate Equity debate.

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Why a South African civil society Energy
Caucus?- To provide a common platform to
advocate a just transition to sustainable energy

• What is sustainable energy?
• Why do we need to change from business-as-usual
  (BAU)?
• What are the elements and parameters of a just
  transition?
• What are the costs and who should pay them?
• What is possible or realistic and what are the
  factors that determine what is possible?
• How does South Africa initiate a just transition?

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Nkosanas input

• Paste here

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Why a South African civil society Energy
Caucus?- To provide a common platform to
advocate a just transition to sustainable energy

• What is sustainable energy?
• Why do we need to change from business-as-usual
  (BAU)?
• What are the elements and parameters of a just
  transition?
• What are the costs and who should pay them?
• What is possible or realistic and what are the
  factors that determine what is possible?
• How does South Africa initiate a just transition?

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What is sustainable energy? - RE EE

• Renewable energy that draws on resources that are
  constantly replenished flux energy (mostly
  solar in origin) rather than exhausting finite
  hydrocarbon or uranium stock energy.
• Conditions need to apply to hydropower (World
  Commission on Dams) biomass sustainable
  production competing land and water use.
• Energy efficiency seeks maximum final output for
  a given input
• Everybody (business, industry, commercial and
  government buildings, individuals role models)
  could do more with less, also extending access
• Includes conservation e.g. solar water heating
  and passive solar design
• Optimising benefits and reducing costs in medium
  and long term.

..reliable, affordable, economically viable,
locally acceptable and environmentally
sound.. (UN - CSD)
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Why do we need to change from business-as-usual?

• National resource base Impacts of stock (fossil
  and nuclear) energy use are unsustainable,
  destroying or degrading the natural resource base
  and causing rapidly escalating climate change
• Human health The extraction, processing and
  burning of hydrocarbons (sp. coal and oil) and
  nuclear fuel are poisoning communities
• Energy security national and local less
  dependence on imports and more wealth staying
  within communities
• Competitivness in global economy reduced
  material input costs, vulnerability to global
  markets and liability for regional and global
  pollution
• Stock energy resources are finite hydrocarbon
  resources are limited, with oil production near
  its peak, are required as feedstock material and
  could be more productively used in future
  (uranium also limited)
• Human rights large-scale, centralised and
  industry-oriented energy development increases
  dependence on trans-national corporations

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Why do we need to change from business-as-usual?

• Renewable energy
• Creates more jobs than conventional energy
  development
• Allows community participation / ownership not
  simply customers
• Growth industries with established export
  potential (e.g. India)
• Human scale with minimal impacts (water, land,
  air and atmosphere)
• Uses plentiful resources currently going to waste
  less entropy
• Energy efficiency
• Value for money and resources
• Better investment than new elec. generation
  fuels processing plants
• Accelerated technology development moving to
  best available
• Full-cost accounting encourages application of
  triple bottom line in meeting energy service
  needs

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Employment in coal-based electricity generation
in South AfricaSource Own analysis, based on
data from Eskom (1989), Eskom (2002), Statistics
SA (1995), Statistics SA (2002), NER (2000), DME
(2003c).
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Summary conventional energy employment potential
jobs/MW insalled and/GWh produced
Core RETs employment potential data (gross direct
jobs/MW and /GWh)
 

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• and we do have the policy to address these
  issues, some in development and some begging for
  implementation

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SA Policy and implementation

• White Paper on Energy Policy (DME, 1998)
• Ensuring that an equitable level of national
  resources is invested in renewable technologies,
  given their potential and compared to investments
  in other supply options
• White Paper on Renewable Energy
• is being published to ensure that the
  renewable energy resources are used optimally.
• Target ..additional 10 000 GWh (0.8 Mtoe)
  renewable energy contribution.. by 2013this is
  equivalent to two 660MW coal-fired power
  stations
• But this would produce 10 000 GWh per annum

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SA Policy and implementation

• Draft Energy Efficiency Strategy (DME, 2004)
• 12 reduction against projected demand for 2014
  review in 2007 this target is by no means a
  mandatory requirement, but rather a guideline to
  aspire to.
• Mandatory energy efficiency standards will be
  an important and integral part of the Strategy.
  yet to be developed
• Renewable Energy Strategy (overdue)
• R14.2 million for direct once-off subsidies in
  first 5 years, followed by a review of the target
• Electricity Regulation Bill (comment period just
  ended)
• Concerns re grid access and fair treatment of
  SMMEs

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SA Policy and implementation

• NEMA (1998)
• EIA regulations incl. identify alternative sites
  for projects, but little on alternative
  technologies / strategies and practice and energy
  projects exempt DME vs DEAT
• Draft Air Quality Act (2004)
• air pollution carries a high social, economic
  and environmental cost that is seldom borne by
  the polluter 
• Controlled emitters with emissions standards for
  appliances and activities, but standards yet to
  be set and no power to introduce pollution
  charges (Treasury Environmental Fiscal Reform -
  process unclear and focused on raising revenue
  rather than redirecting investment and budget
  allocations and implementing constitutional
  rights

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What are the elements and parameters of a just
transition?

• Access to basic energy services is recognised as
  a human right and responsibility of the state
• Meeting energy service needs without compromising
  other human rights equity, including gender and
  grandchildren
• No net job loss and improved worker health
  safety
• Implementation of the polluter pays principle
• Application of cradle to grave responsibility and
  liability
• Public participation in planning and
  decision-making

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How to initiate a just transition?

• Acknowledge the need and the challenge incl.
  vested interests
• Political agenda elaboration of existing
  priorities
• Integrated Energy Planning phase 2 initiated,
  but short term
• Policies and Measures (PAMs) for RE EE
• Corporate accountability - not just voluntary
  agreements without monitoring, independent
  verification and penalties
• Popular awareness Individual behavioral change
  instigating a culture of responsibility and
  sharing ubuntu
• International co-operation and co-ordination
  multilateral agreements to stop the race to the
  bottom of global competition

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The Independent PAMs Study

• UCT study Priority PAMs
• Legislate codes and standards for energy
  efficient buildings in government, commercial and
  residential sectors
• Set mandatory equipment standards for industry
  and commerce
• Set targets for renewable electricity generation
  (15 elec by 2020)
• Subsidise the production for renewable
  electricity
• Implement a pollution tax (with exception for
  households)
• The research concluded that these measures could
  be implemented with little or no cost to the
  economy, with significant savings for some
  stakeholders, net job creation and significant
  human health and environmental benefits.

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The Employment Potential of RE in South Africa

• AGAMA study conclusions
• RE electricity generating technologies will
  create 36 400 new jobs when providing 15 of the
  total electricity mix in 2020 without taking jobs
  away from the coal-based electricity generating
  sector if RET deployment displaces coal, further
  additional jobs created
• A biodiesel and bioethanol programme that
  replaces 15 of current petrol and diesel
  consumption would see the ctreation of 350 000
  new, direct jobs
• Targeted deployment of solat water heaters will
  result in the creation of at least 118 000 new,
  direct jobs
• more on the potential of RE in SA up to 2050 on
  13 April at the third Sustainable Energy
  Symposium, incl. Launch report

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What is possible or realistic and what are the
factors that determine what is possible?

• Available renewable energy resources can provide
  for all current energy demand many times over
• Technologies and materials exist to achieve a
  factor 4 improvement in efficiency i.e.
  achieve the same service with 25 of current
  energy input (factor 10 possible)
• but
• Exploitation of stock energies is one of the most
  profitable enterprises under current market
  conditions consumption profit
• Developing countries do not have a third world
  to plunder, nor the ecological space to follow
  the development path of the North.

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What factors determine what is realistic?

• Millenium Development Goals
• Business as usual will lead to catastrophic
  climate change, with Sub-Saharan Africa the
  suffering the worst impacts
• National security wars of the future will be
  fought over water
• Energy pricing stepped block tariff industry
  not hide behind poor
• Full cost accounting resource economics
• Technology transfer
• Equity in the greenhouse

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What are the costs and who should pay them?

• The longer we wait, the more it will cost, e.g.
  stranded public investments in plants with
  40-year lifespan
• Avoiding dangerous climate change requires the
  mobilisation of political will and financial
  resources on the scale usually reserved for going
  to war
• Leveling the playing field, incl. subsidy reform
  and polluter pays
• Mandate of Development Banks and other IFIs
  international finance institutions including
  export credit agencies
• Public spending for public benefit
• Common but differentiated responsibilities

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Conclusion

• A Just Transition to Sustainable Energy is
  possible for
• employment creation and poverty reduction,
  through
• Integrated Energy Planning from resource
  extraction to end use with full cost-benefit
  analysis done right this time,
• A forward-looking policy agenda national and
  international (not waiting for/dependent on
  Northern finance) with an
• Energy services approach, incl. needs and
  benefits based pricing,
• if there is clear political will and
  implementation.