Classification

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Classification

• Chapter 18
• Pgs. 446 - 467

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18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
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Why Classify?

• To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
  classification system to name organisms and group
  them in a logical manner.
• Taxonomy
• The branch of biology concerned with the grouping
  and naming of organisms

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Assigning Scientific Names

• Why common names are confusing.
• Felis concolor has 4 common names
• Mountain lion, a puma, a cougar, or a panther
• A common name can refer to 2 different species
  example is buzzard in the UK it refers to a
  hawk and in most of the US it refers to a vulture

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• Binomial nomenclature
• Developed by Linnaeus
• Two-word system to name organisms
• Are always in Latin and Must be italicized or
  underlined
• The first word (genus) is capitalized but the
  second word (descriptive term) is lowercase
• Turdus migratorius (American Robin)

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Linnaeuss System of Classification

• Linnaeuss hierarchical system of classification
  includes seven levels. They are from smallest
  to largest species, genus, family, order,
  class, phylum, and kingdom.
• Taxon each level within a naming system.
• (commonly memorized from largest to smallest)
• King Philip Came Over For Grannys Spaghetti

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• Species
• Organisms that look alike
• Successfully reproduce among themselves
• Genus
• Group of closely related species
• Family
• Group of closely related genera

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• Order
• Group of related families
• Class
• Group of related orders
• Phylum/Divisions
• Group of related classes
• Kingdom
• Group of related phyla

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How Living Things are Classified

• Differences between plant and animal
  classification
• Animal groups are called phyla (phylum)
• Plant groups are called divisions

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Dichotomous Key

• Is a set of paired statements that can be used to
  identify organisms
• You choose one statement from each pair that best
  describes the organism
• At the end you will identify the name or what
  group the organism belongs to

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Complete Lab on pg. 462-462 Part A

• I -
• II -
• III -
• IV -
• V -
• VI -
• VII -

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18-2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
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Evolutionary Classification

• Phylogeny
• The evolutionary relationship among organisms
• Cladogram
• A diagram that shows the evolutionary
  relationships among a group of organisms

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Cladogram
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
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The Tree of Life Evolves

• The number of kingdoms have increased from five
  to six in the past few years
• The six-kingdom system of classification includes
  the kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria,
  Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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The Three-Domain System

• Domain a more inclusive category than any other
  larger than a kingdom
• The 3 domains are
• Eukarya (include protists, fungi, plants, and
  animals)
• Bacteria (corresponds to Eubacteria)
• Archaea (corresponds to Archaebacteria)

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Domain Bacteria

• Corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria
• Contains all unicellular, prokaryotic cells
• Have thick, rigid cell walls
• Either heterotroph or autotroph
• Some need oxygen while others are killed by
  oxygen
• Example Strepococcus, Escherichia coli

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Domain Archaea

• Corresponds to kingdom Archaebacteria
• Contain all prokaryotic cells
• Live in some of the most extreme environments
• Volcanic hot springs, brine pools, black organic
  mud devoid of oxygen
• Most can survive only in the absence of oxygen
• Examples Methanogens, halophiles

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Domain Eukarya

• Consist of all organisms that have a nucleus
• Organized into 4 kingdoms
• Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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• Protista
• Members display the greatest variety
• Most are unicellular but some are multicellular
• Either autotroph or heterotroph
• Examples
• Amoeba, paramecium, giant kelp

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• Fungi
• A unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic
  eukaryote
• Absorbs nutrients obtained by decomposing dead
  organisms and wastes in the environment
• Examples
• Mushrooms, which are multicellular
• Yeasts, which are unicellular

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• Plantae
• Multicellular organisms that are photosynthetic
  autotrophs
• Nonmotile cannot move from place to place
• Contain cell walls
• Includes cone-bearing and flowering plants, as
  well as mosses and ferns

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• Animalia
• Multicellular consumers that eat and digest other
  organisms for food
• Animal cells have no cell wall
• Most are motile for at least some part of their
  life cycle
• Incredible amount of diversity
• Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals
• Many exist in nearly every part of the planet

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