3a

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3b
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3a
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Three groups derived from the primary
endosym- biosis between a cyanobacterium and a
phagotrophic Eukariote
primary
secondary
alveolates
tertiary
From Moreira Philippe, 2001
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Hypothetical evolutionary reduction of secondary
plastids to give appearance of primary plastids.
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SUPERGROUP PLANTA(the lineal descendants of the
primary endosymbiosis (Cavalier-Smith, 2003))

• PHYLUM GLAUCOPHYTA (incertae sedis)
• KINGDOM RHODOPHYTAE
• PHYLUM CYANIDIOPHYTA
• PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA
• KINGDOM VIRIDIPLANTAE

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PHYLUM GLAUCOPHYTA

• A very problematic group (probably the remnant of
  a once diverse group)
• For now, they keep uncertain status within the
  kingdom Rhodophytae
• Coccoid in general
• Blue-green in color and their plastids
  (cyanelles) retains aspects of the endosymbiont
  (unique w/euglyphid amoeba)
• Structural synapomorphy- subsurface sacs
• Only 13 spp (9 genera?)

Glaucocystis sp
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KINGDOM RHODOPHYTAE

• PHYLUM CYANIDIOPHYTA
• PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA

Cyanidium sp
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PHYLUM CYANIDIOPHYTA

• Also small coccoid organisms
• Blue-green appearance and extremeophiles
• Only three genera (13 spp) with high levels of
  molecular diversity!
• Structural synapomorphy- only at ultrastuctural
  level (golgi association w/endop. reticulum,
  heterotrophic ability, production of endospores,
  etc.)

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Saunders and Hommersand (2004)
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Galdieria sp
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KINGDOM RHODOPHYTAE

• PHYLUM CYANIDIOPHYTA
• PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA

Rhodymenia sp
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PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA

• Also called Red Algae
• Important source of agar, agarose, and carrageen
  (food additives)
• Known origin of 2,000 million years
• Some of the most complex life cycles of any
  eukaryotes
• Most marine but a few in freshwater

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Porphyra spp, source of NORI, the black seaweed
that wraps everything else in sushi
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Chondrus crispus is the most commonly harvested
red algae on the eastern US coast (agar)
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Saunders and Hommersand (2004)