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• Some evidence for evolution

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• A. Direct Observation of Microevolution
• Adaptation and Speciation
• Natural Selection (many examples, a few covered
  previously)

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• B. The Fossil Record - gives us much information
• stratification of fossils
• dating of fossils, sediments
• radiometric dating
• fission track dating
• electron spin resonance dating
• thermoluminescence dating

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Sedimentary Layers The Grand Canyon
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Fossil Crinoid Stems and Brachiopods
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A Trilobite (Odontochile formosa) from Lower
Devonian of the Kinglake district (Source Museum
Victoria.)
(Trilobites lived from the Cambrian Permian
545 251 mya)
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Geologic Time Scale
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Fission Track Dating of Uranium
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The fossil record yields

• transitional/intermediate forms, vertebrate
  examples
• (see http//www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitio
  nal.html for in-depth treatment).
• pageant of whale (e.g. transitional
  Ambulocetus), and horse evolution (Illustrated on
  the following slides.)
• many hominid transitions (e.g. Australopithecus
  is transitional between Pan and Homo well
  study later)
• Archaeopteryx, Confuciousornis, Protopteryx are
  transitional between reptiles and birds
  (Illustrated in a few slides.)
• Eusthenopteron (fish) is linked to the early
  amphibian Icthyostega Acanthostega
• Genera such as Probainognathus, Probelesodon and
  Massetognathus (cynodonts) are transitional
  between reptiles and mammals

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Biogeographical Evidence coupled to fossil record
hummingbirds
marsupials
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Quick note on the phenotype
Vp Vg Ve Vgxe
g e p A M ? X B M ? Y A M ? X A
N ? Y
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Gradual versus punctuated evolution

• Gradual change over time
• Branching, punctuated change

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Mesonychid shared ancestry with whales
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Ambulocetus
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Rodhocetus, a predominantly aquatic whale from
the Eocene (47 mya)
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Vestigial pelvis and femur in modern whales
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Many dinosaur bones have been found . .
. (Ultrasaurus)
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Archaeopteryx
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• Comparative anatomy
• Homology ? having common ancestry but not
  necessarily retaining similarity of structure or
  function
• The Adult
• Examples
• Mammalian forelimbs (hands)
• grasping hands of primates
• digging hands of moles
• locomotive hands of horses
• paddles of porpoises
• wings of bats
• Vertebrate hindlimb structure

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Hind Limb Structure in Vertebrates
Homo sapiens
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The Embryo
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• Bio-molecular Evidence
• Protein evidence
• Nucleic acid evidence
• Others

RELATIVE LEVEL OF SHARED CHARACTERISTICS AMONG
SPECIES
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DNA Phylogeny
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EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

• Fossil Record
• Comparative Anatomy (phenotype)
• physiology, anatomy, behavior, etc
• Biogeographical
• Biochemical