ORNITOLOJI BIO 446

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ORNITOLOJIBIO 446
KUSLARIN EVRIMI
Dr. Zafer Ayas - 2005
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Kuslarin Kökeni
Sürüngenlergen evrimlestiler...
Ön üyelerdeki pullar, tüylere farklilasti...
Bu farklilasmalar, JURA döneminde yani yaklasik
150 milyon yil önceydi.
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• Jeolojik Zaman Tablosu

JURA 150 MILYON YIL ÖNCE
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• Jeolojik Zaman Tablosuna göre canlilarin evrimi

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Tüylü kanat olusumun sematik gösterimi
Dr. Zafer Ayas - 2005
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• KUSLARIN KÖKENI

Arboreal Teoriye göre kuslar agaçlarda yasayan
sürüngenlerden faklilastilar....
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Archeopteryx litthographica
Fosil Kanitlar 1
The 147 million-year-old Archaeopteryx, purchased
by The Natural History Museum in 1862, is the
Museum's single most valuable specimen and
is rarely on public display. Due to its
fragility, value and constant demand by visiting
scientists from around the world, Archaeopteryx
is usually kept in environmentally controlled
conditions where it is accessible for research
study.
DIKKAT BIZI FILMLERDE HEP KANDIRDILAR. Aslinda
bu fosil kus güvercin boyutundadir
This 147-million-year-old Archaeopteryx fossil,
owned by London's Natural History Museum, is
one of only seven in the world. Discovered in
Germany in 1861, it was the first fossil found
of the small, meat-eating bird. Scientists used
X-ray scans of its braincase to create 3-D
reconstructions and investigate the anatomy of
the brain in detail.
Dr. Zafer Ayas - 2005
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Fosil Kanitlar 2 fuzzy raptor
Fuzzy raptor" was unearthed in 2000 by local
farmers in Liaoning Province, north-east China
and dates between 124-122 million-years-old
putting it within the Cretaceous period.
Considered an evolutionary "missing link", it
has the bony skeleton expected of a predatory
dinosaur but is fringed with a coat of feathers.
China's "fuzzy raptor" dinobird fossil are
currently being exhibited for the first time in
the Museum's new exhibition, Dino-Birds The
Feathered Dinosaurs of China. 124-122 milyon yil
öncesine ait bir fosil
Dr. Zafer Ayas - 2005
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Caudipteryx

• Tüylü dinazorlar
• Flightless
• Transitional fossil
• Dinosaur arms
• Dinosaur teeth
• Only front of upper jaw
• Bird feathers

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Archaeopteryx

• 147 MYA
• Transitional fossil
• Characteristics of reptiles
• Characteristics of birds

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Archeopteryx

• Reptile characteristics
• Teeth
• Boney tail
• Fingers with claws
• Bird characteristics
• feathers

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Click Image for Movie
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Evolution of FlightRunning Hypothesis
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Microraptor gui
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Evolution of FlightGliding Hypothesis
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Bird Origins
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Lizards Snakes
Mammals
Turtles
Crocodiles
Tertiary
65 MYA
Cretaceous
CARNOSAURS
COELUROSAURS
135 MYA
SAUROPODS
ORNITHISCHIA
PTEROSAURS
Jurassic
THEROPODS
190 MYA
SAURISCHIA
DINOSAURIA
THECODONTS
Triassic
THERAPSIDS
225 MYA
SYNAPSIDS
ANAPSIDS
DIAPSIDS
Permian
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Lizards Snakes
BIRDS
Mammals
Turtles
Crocodiles
Tertiary
CLASSIC
65 MYA
Cretaceous
CARNOSAURS
COELUROSAURS
135 MYA
SAUROPODS
ORNITHISCHIA
PTEROSAURS
Jurassic
THEROPODS
190 MYA
SAURISCHIA
DINOSAURIA
THECODONTS
Triassic
THERAPSIDS
225 MYA
SYNAPSIDS
ANAPSIDS
DIAPSIDS
Permian
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Lizards Snakes
BIRDS
Mammals
Turtles
Crocodiles
Tertiary
CLASSIC
65 MYA
Cretaceous
CARNOSAURS
COELUROSAURS
135 MYA
SAUROPODS
ORNITHISCHIA
PTEROSAURS
Jurassic
THEROPODS
190 MYA
SAURISCHIA
DINOSAURIA
THECODONTS
Triassic
THERAPSIDS
225 MYA
SYNAPSIDS
ANAPSIDS
DIAPSIDS
Permian
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Lizards Snakes
BIRDS
Mammals
Turtles
Crocodiles
Tertiary
CLASSIC
OSTROM
65 MYA
Cretaceous
CARNOSAURS
COELUROSAURS
COELUROSAURS
135 MYA
SAUROPODS
ORNITHISCHIA
PTEROSAURS
Jurassic
THEROPODS
190 MYA
SAURISCHIA
DINOSAURIA
THECODONTS
Triassic
THERAPSIDS
225 MYA
SYNAPSIDS
ANAPSIDS
DIAPSIDS
Permian
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Lizards Snakes
BIRDS
Mammals
Turtles
Crocodiles
Tertiary
CLASSIC
OSTROM
65 MYA
Cretaceous
CARNOSAURS
COELUROSAURS
135 MYA
SAUROPODS
ORNITHISCHIA
PTEROSAURS
Jurassic
THEROPODS
190 MYA
SAURISCHIA
DINOSAURIA
THECODONTS
Triassic
THERAPSIDS
225 MYA
SYNAPSIDS
ANAPSIDS
DIAPSIDS
Permian
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Classic Theory of Bird Origin

• Basal Thecodont
• Arboreal
• Feathers
• Flight 1st,Insulation 2nd
• Earlier than archaeopteryx

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Ostroms Theory of Bird Origin

• Coelurosaur Ancestry
• Cursorial
• Feathers
• Insulation 1st,Flight 2nd
• Skeletal Structures
• Similar Time to archaeopteryx

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SKELETAL FEATURES
Convergence or Divergence?
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FLIGHT
Cursorial (ostrom)
Arboreal (classic)
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FLIGHT
Cursorial (ostrom)
Arboreal (classic)
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FEATHERS Flight 1st or Insulation 1st?
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Tertiary
Modern Birds
65 MYA
Enantiornithes
Ichthyornis
Toothed Divers
Cretaceous
Enantiornithes
Neornithes
135 MYA
Confusiousornis
Liaoningornis
Archaeopteryx
Jurassic
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Tertiary
Modern Birds
65 MYA
Enantiornithes
Ichthyornis
Toothed Divers
Cretaceous
Enantiornithes
Neornithes
135 MYA
Confusiousornis
Liaoningornis
Archaeopteryx
Jurassic
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Late Jurassic Birds

• Confusiousornis
• Skull / Bill
• Pygostyle
• Synsacrum
• Furcula
• Ribs Uncinate processes
• Enlarged Sternum
• Similar pectoral girdle
• Supracoracoideus present
• Similar hands / arms

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Late Jurassic Birds

• Liaoningornis
• Sympatric with Confusiousornis
• Skull / Bill
• Pygostyle
• Synsacrum
• Furcula
• Air sacs Ribs
• Keel
• Pectoral girdle
• Fused hands / arms

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Tertiary
Modern Birds
65 MYA
Enantiornithes
Ichthyornis
Toothed Divers
Cretaceous
Enantiornithes
Neornithes
135 MYA
Confusiousornis
Liaoningornis
Archaeopteryx
Jurassic
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Tertiary
Modern Birds
65 MYA
Enantiornithes
Ichthyornis
Toothed Divers
Cretaceous
Enantiornithes
Neornithes
135 MYA
Confusiousornis
Liaoningornis
Archaeopteryx
Jurassic
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Two Major Bird Lineages

• Enantiornithes
• Fusion of tarsometatarsus in opposite order
• Most Diverse avian group in Cretaceous
• Neornithes

Iberomesornis
Sinornis
Nanantius
Enantiornis
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Two Major Bird Lineages

• Enantiornithes
• Neornithes
• Predecessors to modern birds
• Toothed Divers Hesperornis
• Tern-like Ichthyornis

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Passerines
Pleistocene
Moas
2 MYA
Pliocene
Most Non-Passerine Orders
7 MYA
Terror Birds
Coraciiformes
Miocene
Owls
Piciformes
26 MYA
Remiorniths
Elephant Birds
Shorebirds
Pseudodontorns
Oligocene
Ducks
38 MYA
Flamingoes
Eocene
Gastornis
54 MYA
Presbyornis
Paleocene
Non-passerine Radiation
65 MYA
Enantiornithes
Modern Birds
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Non-Passerine Radiation

• Fossils vs. Extant Phylogenies
• Presbyornis
• Shorebirds (gulls, sandpipers)

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Large Flightless Birds

• Ratites (mostly)?
• Galliformes?
• Madagasi Vorompatra (VOO-room-patch)
  Elephant Bird
• New Zealand Moas

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Large Carnivorous Birds

• Gastornis / Diatryma Europe / NA
• Australian Dromonithids Giant Demon Duck of
  Doom
• Terror Birds South America
• Far from sympatric

http//www.bbc.co.uk/beasts/factfiles/videofactfil
e.shtml?phorusrhacos_v
http//www.pts.org.tw/web02/beasts/factfiles/vide
ofactfile.shtml.734.html
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Pseudodontorns
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Teratorns