Radiometric Dating

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• Radiometric Dating

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Uniformitarianism

• Began with the Scottish physician/scientist
  James Hutton 1785 and popularized by Charles
  Lyell 1830.
• From this was developed the geologic chart.
• Philosophers accepted evolution and not
  scientists.
• Karl Marx shaped opinion of evolution.
• Unifomitarianism geologic processes occurring
  today operated similarly in the past and can
  therefore be used to explain past geologic events

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Uniformitarianism

• Uniformitarianism processes do not explain long
  dates
• Everything is dated by the environment it is
  in--namely rocks
• Rocks are not dated by appearance but by
  assumptions of evolution and radioactive dating.
• It is very strange that radioactive dating
  techniques are embraced while chronometers are
  thrown out

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CHRONOMETER

• Chronometers are methods of measuring time using
  existing natural processes.
• Magnetic moment
• Nickel dust
• Metal deposition
• Sediment deposition
• Jupiter cooling
• Comet decay
• Saturns ring stability
• Earths moon drift
• Helium concentrations

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• The geologic column was developed in England,
  France, and United States.
• The chart does not fit in India or South America
  but is still applied.
• Geologic column is only found in textbooks
• If it existed it would be over 150 miles thick
• How do we know it happened?
• How do we date the age of a rock?
• By index fossils

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• How do we determine the age of index fossils?
• By assumption of evolutionary method
• How do we know that evolution is true?
• By the age of rocks
• How do we date rocks?
• By fossils
• Therefore, rocks are dated by the fossil content
  which is confirmed by the assumption of evolution
  which is confirmed by radioactive dating which is
  calibrated by the age of the rocks.

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FOSSILS

• Fossils date rocks that distinguish one geologic
  age from another.
• Fossils provide the main evidence for evolution.
• Fossils speak clearly of rapid formation
• Fossils are formed hydraulically rapidly
• Induration compact burial
• Casts or molds
• Cementations of tracks or molds
• Freezing
• Carbonization coal

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FOSSILS

• All orders and families appear suddenly in the
  fossil record. The following gaps are obvious
• Protozoans to metazoan invertebrates
• Invertebrates to vertebrates
• Fishes to amphibians
• Amphibians to reptiles to mammals
• Reptiles to birds
• Origin of insects
• Fantastic number variety but no fossil evidence
  of their development
• Very similar to those living today
• Origin of plants
• No evidence of evolution of plants in geologic
  column

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INDEX FOSSILS

• Index fossils must be extinct to be an index
  fossil
• 540,000,000 years agotrilobite
• 1,500,000--Calico scallop
• 70,000,000Coelecanth

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FOSSILS

• Dinosaur beds have been found
• New Mexico, Wyoming, Alberta, Belgium
• Similar fossil remains have been found on each
  continent
• Elephant beds of Siberia
• Hippo beds of Sicily
• Great beds of amphibians in the Permian beds of
  Texas
• Tremendous beds of plant fossils located
  everywhere
• Practically all kinds of organisms living in the
  present world found in fossil world

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FOSSILS

• Most extensive fossil deposits are of marine
  invertebrates
• At times even soft parts are found
• Existence of fossils proves evidence of
  catastrophism at least on a local scale
• Since fossils bearing strata are ubiquitous this
  means there is evidence of catastrophism
  everywhere.

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FOSSILS

• Sedimentary rocks contain the fossils
• Most important in the study of evolution
• Sandstones
• Loose sands transported deposited by moving
  water
• Requires cementation agent
• Formation is a function of the cementing agent
  and not time
• Continuous large deposits covering the entire
  U.S. excepting the south
• Nothing like this being formed today because it
  requires a huge continental flood.

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FOSSILS
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Radioactive Dating Assumptions

• Must be a closed system
• Initially must have contained none of its
  daughter element
• Process rate must have always been the same

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Uranium-Lead Method

• U238 decays to Pb206 plus 8 He atoms
• 4.5 billion years
• U235 decays to Pb207 plus 7 He atoms
• 0.7 billion years
• Th232 decays to Pb208 plus 7 He atoms
• 14.1 billion years
• Uranium method is always thrown out when compared
  to geologic column
• Therefore the Uranium method is calibrated
  against the geologic column

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Potassium-Argon K-Ar MethodMost Popular

• Unlike Uranium, potassium minerals are found in
  most sedimentary and igneous rocks.
• K-Ar is an open system
• Ar is very volatile
• K can decay into either Ar or Ca40
• Branching ratio is not known
• Must be calibrated from the U238 method

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Potassium-Argon K-Ar MethodMost Popular

• Leaching is critical
• A small meteorite found in 1970 contained a
  specified amount of potassium.
• The meteorite was rinsed for 4.5 hours and lost
  over 80 of the potassium
• Cosmic radiation forms Argon
• Many believe the only reason K-Ar is used it that
  it gives long ages.

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Rubidium-Strontium Method

• Half lives are not reliable
• May be 47 billion or 60 billion or 120 billion
  years.
• Cosmic radiation affects formation rates
• Leaching is possible
• Strontium may be formed from lead
• Must be calibrated against U238 method

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Radiocarbon Dating

• Radioactive carbon is formed by
• 1n 14N ? 14C 1H
• Radioactive carbon then forms radioactive CO2
  which finds its way to the ocean and into the
  human food chain.
• Once a biological dies then decay occurs
• 6C14 ? 7N14 e-
• Half life is 5,730 years
• Ratio must be constant in biosphere--it isnt.

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Radiocarbon Dating

• Rate of formation is 18.4 atoms/g/min
• Rate of decay is 13.3 atoms/g/min
• Ratio is 0.72
• Producing 38 more C14 than is decaying
• 5 half lives would be 1/32 of initial amount
• Detectability is questioned at low levels
• It takes 30,000 years for C14 to come to
  equilibrium--we are not there yet--why not?

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Cosmic rays bombard upper atmosphere...........
.....producing fast moving neutrons
Carbon-14 Dating
These neutrons collide with atmospheric nitrogen
atoms..........
.....producing carbon-14
C-14, like ordinary carbon, combines with oxygen
to produce carbon dioxide. Vegetation absorbs
carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
Loss by decay
Since animals feed on vegetation It is added to
their bodies. At present About 1 in 1 trillion
atoms C-14.
Loss by decay
After death this ratio will slowly decrease,
since while C-14 continues to decay, it is not
replenished by feeding. The amount of C-14 in a
dead animal shows how long it Has been dead (if
one can be sure of the amount of C-14 in it when
it died)
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One part of the Vollosovitch mammoth carbon
dated at 29,500 years and another part at 44,000.
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If a C-14 date supports our theories, we put it
in the main text. If it does not entirely
contradict them, we put it in a footnote. And if
it is completely out of date, we just drop it.
T. Save-Soderbergh and I.U. Olsson (Institute of
Egyptology and Institute of Physics respectively,
Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden), C-14 dating and
Egyptian chronology in Radiocarbon Variations and
Absolute Chronology, Proceedings of the twelfth
Nobel Symposium, New York 1970, p. 35
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The troubles of the radiocarbon dating method are
undeniably deep and serious. Despite 35 years of
technological refinement and better
understanding, the underlying assumptions have
been strongly challenged, and warnings are out
that radiocarbon may soon find itself in a crisis
situation. Continuing use of the method depends
on a fix-it-as-we-go approach, allowing for
contamination here, fractionation there, and
calibration whenever possible . . .
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It should be no surprise, then, that fully half
of the dates are rejected. The wonder is, surely,
that the remaining half come to be accepted . . .
No matter how useful it is, though, the
radiocarbon method is still not capable of
yielding accurate and reliable results. There are
gross discrepancies, the chronology is uneven and
relative, and the accepted dates are actually
selected dates. Robert E. Lee, Radiocarbon Age
in Error, Anthropological Journal of Canada,
Vol. 19, No. 3, pgs. 9, 29.
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Every sample of coal, oil, wood or bone that has
been tested for C-14 content even if retrieved
from rocks supposedly millions of years old
always contains a measurable amount of Carbon-14
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Circular Reasoning of Radioactive Dating

• Rocks Fossils
  Evolution
• Uranium 238 Potassium
  Argon
• 
  or
• 
  Rubidium Strontium

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Comparison of Common Dating Techniquesyears
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Keillor Skull
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Sabertooth Tiger
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UNIFORMITARIANISMVOLCANOES WATER

• Evolutionists believe all water in oceans is due
  to volcanoes
• 315,000,000 cubic miles of water in oceans
• It would take 79 volcanoes the size of Paricutin
  to account for all of the water in the oceans in
  4 billion years
• But there are estimated to be 600 active, 10,000
  dormant, and 20,000 extinct volcanoes. All of
  these volcanoes could account for all the water
  on the planet in just 10,000,000 years assuming
  there was no water to begin with.

Evolutionists cannot explain this phenomenon
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UNIFORMITARIANISMVOLCANOES CONTINENTAL CRUST

• Evolutionists believe that the earths
  continental crust was formed exclusively from
  volcanic lava.
• There is 1.5 cubic miles of continental crust
• It would take 4 volcanoes 5 billion years to
  produce the continental crust.
• But with the known volcanoes we have on earth
  today it would take only 50,000 years to produce
  the existing continental crust.

Evolutionists cannot explain this phenomenon
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UNIFORMITARIANISMOCEAN SEDIMENTS

• Average ocean sediment thickness is 2,950 feet
• This weighs 820,000,000,000,000,000 tons
• There is 383,000,000,000,000,000 tons above sea
  level, known as land.

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UNIFORMITARIANISMOCEAN SEDIMENTS
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UNIFORMITARIANISMOCEAN SEDIMENTS

• Based on current processes, it would take only
  13,000,000 years before all the existing land
  would erode into the sea.

• Based on current processes, it would take only
  30,000,000 years to get what is already on the
  ocean floor.
• Based on current processes, if the earth were 5
  billion years old then we should have over 95
  miles thick of sedimentwhich is the distance of
  the space shuttle.

Evolutionists cannot explain this phenomenon
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UNIFORMITARIANISMATMOSPHERE

• He4 flows into earths atmosphere by
• Radioactive decay
• Cosmic helium from suns corona
• Earths crust giving off nuclear reactions
• Atmosphere now contains 4 billion tons of He4
• 300,000 tons of He4 enter the atmosphere each year

Evolutionists cannot explain this phenomenon
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UNIFORMITARIANISMMETEORITIC DUST

• 14,300,000 tons containing nickel enter the earth
  each year
• 5 billion years implies a 54 feet thick layer of
  dust all over the earth. This is not found.
• If all the nickel found on earth today came from
  space then the earth could not be any older than
  100,000 years

Evolutionists cannot explain this phenomenon
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Population Statistics

• c number of children
• 2c number of parents
• n number of generations
• Assume 100 generations since Noah
• at 40 years per generation
• 2cn 4,500,000,000 people
• Therefore the average family size is
• 2.48 children

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Population Statistics

• In just 4,000 years we could produce our current
  population
• Israel began 3,600 years ago. We would expect
  their population to be about 14,000,000which it
  is.

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Population Statistics

• Population growth
• where G growth rate and y no. of years
• when y 4,000 then G 0.54
• If evolution were true then over 1,000,000 years
  25,000 generations at G 0.54 means Py
  22100
• There are only 10130 electrons in universe

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Population Statistics--Longevity

• Average age of patriarchs was 912 years
  excluding Enoch
• Genesis 5 states that families were large
• Age of fathers ranged from 65 Mahalel to 500
  Noah
• Bible states that
• Men lived for hundreds of years
• Procreative powers persisted over hundreds of
  years
• Assume
• each family had 6 children with a 90 year
  generation
• 1,656 years from Adam to Noahs flood
• 18 generations
• After 18 generations 2(3)18 724 million at
  Noahs flood

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Population Statistics--Longevity
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Bird-like Cranium
Bird-like Otic Region
Bird-like teeth and jaws
Bird-like hollow bones and lungs
Complete wings, feathers and furcula
Perching feet
Bird-like pubis
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The origin of birds is largely a matter of
deduction. There is no fossil evidence of the
stages through which the remarkable change from
reptile to bird was achieved. W. E.
Swinton, Biology and Comparative Physiology of
Birds, ed. by A. J. Marshall, Academic Press, NY,
Vol. 1, p. 11
Unfortunately, the intermediate stages hardly
ever seemed to exist in the fossil record
(Huxleys later trumpeting about Archaeopteryx
notwithstanding). M. Ridley, Nature,
286444 (1980)
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Smooth intermediates between Bauplane distinct
design types are almost impossible to construct,
even in thought experiments there is certainly
no evidence for them in the fossil record
(curious mosaics like Archaeopteryx do not
count). S. J. Gould and Niles
Eldredge, Paleobiology 3147 (1977)
Evolutionist Colin Patterson, a former senior
paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural
History, perhaps summed it up the best when he
admitted that Archaeopteryx has simply become a
patsy for wishful thinking. C.
Patterson, in Darwins Enigma by Luther D.
Sunderland, p. 70, 1984
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Archaeopteryx probably cannot tell us much about
the early origins of feathers and flight in true
protobirds because Archaeopteryx was, in the
modern sense, a bird. . .
. . .Paleontologists have tried to turn
Archaeopteryx into an earth-bound, feathered
dinosaur, but its not. It is a bird, a perching
bird. And no amount of paleobabble is going to
change that.
Alan Feduccia, Evidence from claw geometry
indicating arboreal habits of Archaeopteryx.
Science 259 , February 3, 1993
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Even though we have no direct evidence for smooth
transitions, can we invent a reasonable sequence
of intermediate forms, that is, viable,
functioning organisms, between ancestors and
descendents? Of what possible use are the
incipient stages of useful structures? What good
is half a jaw or half a wing? Ste
phen J. Gould, Natural History, Vol. 86, pp. 2-30
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The popularly told example of horse evolution,
suggesting a gradual sequence of changes from
four-toed fox-sized creatures living nearly 50
million years ago to todays much larger one-toed
horse, has long been known to be wrong. Instead
of gradual change, fossils of each intermediate
species appear fully distinct, persist unchanged
and then become extinct. Transitional forms are
unknown. The Houston Chronicle,
Wednesday, November 5, 1980, section 4, page 15
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All they did have in its entirety was
A SINGLE MOLAR TOOTH!
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Full examination results finally published in
Scientific American, Dec. 16, 1927. Nebraska Man
turned out to be neither an ape nor a man. It
actually turned out to be
A PIG!
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Full examination results finally published in
Scientific American, Dec. 16, 1927. Nebraska Man
turned out to be neither an ape nor a man. It
actually turned out to be
A PIG!
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From 1912 to 1953 Piltdown Man reigned supreme in
our textbooks and museums. Scores of books,
pamphets and articles were published about
Piltdown Man.
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Piltdown Man is now recognized as one of the most
spectacular and longest enduring frauds in the
history of modern science.
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• Man-like skull
• Teeth were very worn
• Fossil bone test performed where fluoride
  absorbed by bones in soil
• Jawbone had no fluoride therefore no fossil
  therefore very young
• Skull contained fluoride and was dated to be
  2,000 years old.
• Modern examination revealed that the bones were
  treated by iron salts to look old.
• Scratch marks on teeth revealed that teeth had
  been intentionally filed down

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Ape-men have been deduced from bones which
actually belonged to
ALLIGATOR
HORSE
BEAR
DOLPHIN
DONKEY
ELEPHANT
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Long before the reader has arrived at this part
of my work, a crowd of difficulties will have
occurred to him. Some of them are so serious that
to this day I can hardly reflect on them without
being in some degree staggered...Why if species
have descended from other species by find
graduation, do not we everywhere see innumerable
transitional forms?...
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Why then is not every geological formation and
every stratum full of such intermediate links?
Geology assuredly does not reveal any such
finely-graduated organic chain and this perhaps,
is the most obvious and serious objection which
can be urged against the theory...
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, pp.
292-293
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• Darwinian evolution impossible to observe.
• T. Dobzhansky

• Mutation/Selection mechanism effectively dead.
• S. Gould

• No single watertight transitional fossil known.
• C. Patterson

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• Chimpanzee and gorilla have no known evolutionary
  origin but are the highest living members of
  anthropoids

• Ramapithecus
• 8 teeth
• 4 jaw fragments
• Incisors and canine teeth are small in relation
  to cheek teeth
• Jaw shape was parabolic like man instead of U
  shaped like an ape
• Modern day chimps have great variations of teeth
  order
• Paleontologists believed it was an

• extinct apemorphologically, ecologically, and
  behaviorly
• High altitude baboons in Ethiopia living today
  have the same teeth and jaw structures as
  Ramapithecus
• We now know DNA calls it a chimp.

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• Australopithecus
• Teeth were analyzed and found to be that of an
  ape
• Louis Leakey admitted this was an ape but
  National Geographic published this to be human
  ancestor
• Cranial capacity was 500 cc
• Human is 1,500 cc
• Australopithecus Africanus
• Small jaw teeth
• Australopithecus Robustus
• Massive teeth jaws
• Bony ridges like gorillas and orangatans

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• Java Man
• Low sloping forehead
• 900 cc skullcap
• Cranial capacity was 500 cc
• DNA showed it to be a large gibbon
• Peking Man
• Small jaw teeth
• 30 skulls, 11 lower jaws, 147 teeth
• All disappeared

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• Neanderthal Man
• Found in the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf,
  Germany
• Stooped brutish sub-human
• Suffered from rickets
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Skull capacity was 1,700 cc which is 15 larger
  than modern man--oops!