ANIMALS IN A CHANGING WORLD

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ANIMALS IN A CHANGING WORLD

• HABITAT CHANGES DURING ANIMAL HISTORY
• CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE

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HABITAT CHANGES DURING ANIMAL HISTORY
a) HABITAT USE BY TOP TEN PHYLA b) HABITAT USE BY
ALL PHYLA c) KEY STEPS
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1. Arthropods 2. Molluscs 3. Chordates 4.
Flatworms 5. Annelids   6. Roundworms  7.
Sponges 8. Cnidarians 9. Echinoderms 10.
Ectoprocts
SEA ALL 10
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1. Arthropods 2. Molluscs 3. Chordates 4.
Flatworms 5. Annelids   6. Roundworms  7.
Sponges 8. Cnidarians 9. Echinoderms 10.
Ectoprocts
F-W 9
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1. Arthropods 2. Molluscs 3. Chordates 4.
Flatworms 5. Annelids   6. Roundworms  7.
Sponges 8. Cnidarians 9. Echinoderms 10.
Ectoprocts
LAND 6
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1. Arthropods 2. Molluscs 3. Chordates 4.
Flatworms 5. Annelids   6. Roundworms  7.
Sponges 8. Cnidarians 9. Echinoderms 10.
Ectoprocts
AIR 2
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AIR ONLY 4 GROUPS IN 2 PHYLA
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proportion
TOP 10 PHYLA
SEA F-W LAND AIR
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WHAT ABOUT SMALLER PHYLA? 22 out of 23 have
marine members Exception Velvet Worms
(Onychophora)
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VELVET WORMS only terrestrial
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VELVET WORM ancestors marine?
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WHAT ABOUT SMALLER PHYLA? Only 7 out of 23 have
freshwater members
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WHAT ABOUT SMALLER PHYLA? Only 5 out of 23 have
terrestrial members and none can glide let alone
fly
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proportion
ALL 33 PHYLA
SEA F-W LAND AIR
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KEY STEPS
INVASION OF FRESHWATER INVASION OF LAND INVASION
OF AIR
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PROBLEMS OF FRESHWATER
Less than half of animal phyla coped Osmosis
water flows IN not OUT Salinity lower more
variable Temperature more variable
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PROBLEMS OF LAND
Most freshwater phyla coped
Water loss Locomotion in less dense medium
Respiration gills now a liability
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INVASION OF LAND
FROM FRESHWATER? Some shared problems FROM
SEA? Water loss a shared problem Tides provide
environmental gradient
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INVASION OF LAND
OVER THE TOP? Locomotion solved? UNDERGROUND? Wat
er loss reduced Only need to burrow
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INVASION OF LAND
Over top?
Underground? F-WATER?
Amphibia SEA?
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INVASION OF LAND
Over top?
Underground? F-WATER? Amphibia
Spiders? SEA?
Isopods? Annelids?
(wood lice)
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INVASION OF AIR
GLIDING vegetation-down or FLAPPING
ground-up
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GLIDING or vegetation-down
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MANY VERTEBRATE GLIDERS
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Archaeopteryx claw
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PROBLEM MOST FEATHERED DINOSAURS LOOK
TERRESTRIAL
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FLAPPING or ground-up
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KEN DIAL WITH CHUKAR PARTRIDGE
  
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CHUKAR RUNS UP 70
  
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HOW DID INSECTS GET INTO AIR?

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HOW DID INSECTS GET INTO AIR?

Gliding? Flapping across water?
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HOW DID BATS GET INTO AIR?
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HOW DID BATS GET INTO AIR?
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HOW DID PTEROSAURS GET INTO AIR?
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CURRENT CHANGES
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COPING WITH HARMFUL CHANGES BY
1. Spending ATP   
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COPING WITH HARMFUL CHANGES BY
1. Spending ATP    2. Dispersing    
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SEXUALLARVAE dispersal in space
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ANIMAL FEATURES
5) LIFE CYCLE DOMINATED BY DIPLOID 6) AT LEAST
ONE PRE-ADULT STAGE 7) Hox GENES INFLUENCE
DEVELOPMENT 8) SPECIAL KIND OF DEVELOPMENT
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ASEXUALGEMMULESdispersal in time space
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COPING WITH HARMFUL CHANGES BY
1. Spending ATP    2. Dispersing     3.
Changing phenotype by ...   (a) ... phenotypic
plasticity   (b) ... natural selection
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Daphnia
BRANCHIOPOD CRUSTACEA
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SPINY WATER FLEA Bythotrephes