Settlement Patterns

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Chapter 3 Settlement Patterns Before 1950
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Urbanization, Industrialization, Settlement
Frontiers, 1783-1965 Northeast Midwest Town
ship and Range System South NB From River to
Rail to Rubber Frontier Settlement
1865-1931 Cattle Ranching Farming and
Environmental Problems Migration
1865-1950 Europeans African Americans Hispanics
Asians American Manufacturing (AMB) Belt
1865-1950 US and Canada at Mid-Century Core and
Periphery Primary, Secondary, Tertiary,
Quarternary Activities
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GGQ Fig 3.5 1783 US
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GGQ Fig 3.8 Territorial Acquisitons, 1783-1898
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Fall Line -- Boundary between an upland region
and a coastal plain across which rivers from the
upland region drop to the plain as falls or
rapids. River vessels usually cannot travel
beyond a fall line and their cargoes must be
unloaded there. The falls also supply water power
for the development of industry such as textile
and grist mills. For these reasons a fall line
often marks a string of developed areas, such as
the break between the Appalachian rise and the
coastal plain of the eastern United States, where
a band of commercial and industrial cities
quickly developed in the 19th century,
paralleling the line of port cities along the
coasts. Typical fall-line cities on the Atlantic
coast of the US are Lowell Mass Pawtucket RI
Troy NY Trenton NJ Georgetown, now part of
Washington DC Richmond Va Raleigh NC Columbia
SC and Augusta Ga Among the fall-line cities of
the Mississippi valley are Louisville Ky, and
Minneapolis Minn. FromThe Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2005 http//www.factmonste
r.com/ce6/sci/A0818202.html
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The Fall Line is a low east-facing cliff
paralleling the Atlantic coastline from New
Jersey to the Carolinas. This erosional scarp,
the site of many waterfalls, hosted flume- and
water-wheel-powered industries in colonial times
and thus helped determine the location of such
major cities as Philadelphia, Baltimore,
Washington, and Richmond. Source
http//www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/feat
ures/fallline.html
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Source http//www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/ggr34
6/text/chapters/ch4.html
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Source http//www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/ggr34
6/text/chapters/ch4.html
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GGQ Figure 3.10 Push Westward
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GGQ Fig 3.11 Township Range System
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Snagged from http//www.ohiobyways.com/Lincoln.htm
Section Lincoln Highway Historic Byway
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Replacement of the Metes and Bounds System of
parceling land (used natural features such as
rivers-rocks-trees to demarcate property lines
still dominates East coast and Southeast locales)
with the Township and Range system (Figure
3.11) (1) land subdivided into squares, (2)
lines ran E-W and N-S, a township was six miles
on a side (6 sq miles), (3) each divided into
36 sections of one mile on a side (1 sq mile 640
acres), (4) a quarter section (160 acres) was
considered standard size for a farm (5)
road-field boundaries usually follow the straight
lines of surveying system, (6) giving rise to
the checkerboard pattern dominating Midwest
landscapes. Established by the Land Ordinance of
1785 to raise for US and control Western
Settlement applied W of Appalachians, N of Ohio,
E of Mississippi but used elsewhere later as in
the Homestead Act of 1862 (NB Roots of
AMB??) System first used in eastern Ohio The
Township and Range system -- cultural artifact
which remains with us today and is central to
the populist concept of the Family Farm. A MAJOR
legacy of the period!!
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GGQ Fig 2.7 Great Plains Note Township Range
Effect
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GGQ Fig. 3.12 Sidewheelers on the MIssissippi
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GGQ p.65 Erie Canal Hudson R-Mohawk Gap-Lake
Erie 90 reduction in freight cost!!
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From ARGUS Regions Regionalization, Why Do
People Make Regions, Erie Canal and
Pennsylvania Response
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De Witt Clinton, New York City mayor, believed
the canal was crucial to state advancement.
Fought for city to be seen as advanced-cosmopolita
n as Boston and Philadelphia, Threw all his
political weight behind the project, using
rhetoric of nationalism and republicanism. July
4, 1817 ground broken at Utica and construction
began simultaneously to the east and
west. Building the Canal covered eight years.
Often known as "Clinton's Ditch" or "Clinton's
Folly", canal was lambasted by New York press.
Clinton, was voted out of governorship in 1822
removed from Canal Board in 1824. Using his
martyrdom and popular support, Clinton rode
excitement as the canal neared completion and was
re-elected governor to preside over theCanal's
opening in October 1825. Governor Clinton
traveled the length of the canal in a packet
boat, Seneca Chief, receiving accolades at every
town. The Canal obsessed and enchanted Americans
as a symbol of boundless potentialities of the
country, its resilience, its hopes." The Canal
provided impressive revenues, turning a profit
its first year and steadily made money until
tolls were abolished in 1883. Also unique, Erie
Canal was survived the railroad in that tonnage
continued to increase well past the Civil War,
finally peaking in 1872.
http//xroads.virginia.edu/HYPER/DETOC/transport/
erie.html The Erie Canal and DeWitt Clinton
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Miami-Erie, Ohio-Erie, Feeder, and Related Canals
From http//my.ohio.voyager.net/lstevens/canal/c
analmap.html
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From http//www.dnr.state.oh.us/water/canals/plat
smap.htm
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Miami-Erie, Ohio-Erie Canals
From http//www.dnr.state.oh.us/water/canals/real
map_a.htm
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Ohio Towns with port or lock Note
Correspondence With Ohio Canal System Thanks to
Robert Forrest, Grad student!!
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GGQ Fig 3.13 Cotton
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GGQ Fig 3.14 Canada Settlement, 1865
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GGQ Fig 3.15 US Settlement Frontiers, 1865
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Urbanization, Industrialization, Settlement
Frontiers, 1783-1965 Northeast Midwest Town
ship and Range System South NB From River to
Rail to Rubber Frontier Settlement
1865-1931 Cattle Ranching Farming and
Environmental Problems Migration
1865-1950 Europeans African Americans Hispanics
Asians American Manufacturing (AMB) Belt
1865-1950 US and Canada at Mid-Century Core and
Periphery Primary, Secondary, Tertiary,
Quarternary Activities
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ARGUS From The Continental Water Line Module
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GGQ Fig 4.6 98th Meridian effect
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GGF Fig 2.17 98th Meridian Effect
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From http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/dustbowl/maps/in
dex.htm
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Urbanization, Industrialization, Settlement
Frontiers, 1783-1965 Northeast Midwest Town
ship and Range System South NB From River to
Rail to Rubber Frontier Settlement
1865-1931 Cattle Ranching Farming and
Environmental Problems Migration
1865-1950 Europeans African Americans Hispanics
Asians American Manufacturing (AMB) Belt
1865-1950 US and Canada at Mid-Century Core and
Periphery Primary, Secondary, Tertiary,
Quarternary Activities
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Pop Bull 58-2 (2003) Immigration Shaping and
Reshaping America
Pop Bulletin 58 (2), 2003, p. 12, Figure 2
Immigration Shaping and Reshaping America
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GGQ Fig 3.19 Afr-Amer Mig 1914-1930
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Pop Bulletin, 58 (2), 2003, p. 22, Figure 3
Immigration Shaping and Reshaping America
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Pop Bull 58-2 (2003) Immigration Shaping and
Reshaping America
Pop Bulletin 58 (2), 2003, p. 12, Figure 2
Immigration Shaping and Reshaping America
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Urbanization, Industrialization, Settlement
Frontiers, 1783-1965 Northeast Midwest Town
ship and Range System South NB From River to
Rail to Rubber Frontier Settlement
1865-1931 Cattle Ranching Farming and
Environmental Problems Migration
1865-1950 Europeans African Americans Hispanics
Asians American Manufacturing (AMB) Belt
1865-1950 US and Canada at Mid-Century Core and
Periphery Primary, Secondary, Tertiary,
Quarternary Activities
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GGQ Fig 3.5 1783 US
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GGQ Fig 7.5 Material Flows in the Steel
Industry NB Centrality of AMB Manufacturing
Sites Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Ashtabula,
Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit Gary, Chicago In
between sources of major inputs, and proximate to
major markets and/or transport routes --
minimizes transport costs
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DeBlij, Geography, 2004, Fig. 3-15
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GGQ 7.3 Manufacturing Districts of the US and
Canada
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Distinction in Economic Activities between
Primary (agriculture, mineral extraction,
lumbering) GGQ making natural resources
available for use or further processing Seconda
ry (mfg) GGQ processing raw materials from
primary sector, further processing partially
manufactured items, assembling finished items
into new products Tertiary (commerce, trade,
service, related transport) GGQ exchange or
market availability of goods and commodities
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GGQ Fig 3.22 Core and Periphery 1950
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DeBlij, Geography, 2004, Fig. 3-15
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GGQ 7.3 Manufacturing Districts of the US and
Canada
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Thanks Josh Grischow Sp 06 G-400
Major League Baseball 1954 US National
Pastime NB Only in AMB
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Thanks Josh Grischow Sp 06 G-400
Major League Baseball 1970 US National
Pastime NB Some Spread to South West Coast
Canada
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Thanks Josh Grischow Sp 06 G-400
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Summary 1800 -1865 -WWII NA regional devel 1.
Thirteen US colonies spread thru Cumberland Gap
along Ohio River Mississippi, just south of
what would become AMB 2. Erie Canal shifts devel
fulcrum back to East leads to trajectory
along Great Lakes north of earlier trajectory
along Ohio River -- and in Canada along Lake
Ontario St Lawrence, forming its Main Street
also elevates New York City above other East
Coast cities 3. Population shift westward meets
two obstacles -- distance from markets
suppliers unpredictability of precipitation (
98th meridian). Distance overcome by railroad
unpredictability of precipitation never
overcome (e.g., Dust Bowl, Ogallala aquifer
issues). Also applies to Canada. 4. Early
importance of shift along Great Lakes-Northern
Tier seen in rail lines to meet cattle drives --
Chicago dominates St Louis (GGQ Fig 3-16). 5.
Frontier/econ dynamism mixes with that related to
immigration (N-W Eur initially E-S Europe by
20th century) and Afr-Amer migrants from South
both primarily focused on urban areas of AMB.
Enhanced heterogeneity dynamism in US/C
society 6. Population center of US remains in
AMB, crossing Mississippi only in 1980 (just
barely so, now half-way across Missouri!!)
Canada even more focused on extension of AMB
(aka Main Street).
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From RIVER to RAIL to RUBBER Effects on
GEOGRAPHY Weve Seen River and Rail Rubber yet
to come!!
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CHAPTER 4 POPULATION GEOGRAPHIES OF CANADA
AND THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1950