The Thirty Years War 16191648

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The Thirty Years War (1619-1648)

• By Jenn Harmer Asia Giannubilo

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History Behind How it Started

• The Peace of Augsburg (1555) divided Germany
  between Lutheran princes in the north and
  Catholic in the south The Peace stated that
  each prince determine the faith of his region.
• Calvinism emerged gaining ecclesiastical
  properties from both Catholics and Lutherans
  this caused more quarrels to break out.
• Frederick of the Palatinate formed a Calvinist
  league (the Evangelical Union). The union had
  military might to back up Calvinist policies,
  which further disrupted peace in Germany.

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Burgundy
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Bohemian Phase 1618-1625

• As Holy Roman Emperor Mathias (also King of
  Bohemia) reign came to a close he named the
  Hapsburg Catholic Ferdinand of Styria his
  successor.
• This outraged nobles because Bohemias nobility
  had predominately been Protestant the
  resistance to the Emperors successor was known
  as the Defenestration of Prague (1618).
• The nobles elected Frederick of Palatinate as
  their king.

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• St. Peter Canisius Catechism of Trent, preaching
  of Capuchin friars and Jesuits helped energize
  the catholic reform.
• 1620 Duke Maximilian formed the Catholic League.
• 1621 Phillip II wanted to renew Catholic presence
  in Europe, so he launched a campaign from
  Burgundy through Calvinist Palatinate and into
  the Netherlands.
• However this military campaign was not easy and
  eventually sparked the Thirty Years War.

? Frederick of the Palatinate
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• Ferdinand assembled an army with the support of
  the papacy and marched on Prague
• 1620 the two sides met at White Mountain outside
  Prague. Ferdinand defeated Frederick and the
  Protestants, and regained power over the kingdom.
  He took the defeated noble land and redistributed
  it as endowments of the Catholic churches,
  orders, and monasteries.

• Ferdinand II
• King of Bohemia Holy Roman Emperor

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Danish Phase 1625-1629

• The King of Denmark, Christian IV was a major
  Protestant Prince, he wanted to put a stop to the
  Catholic resurgence.
• To counter this threat Ferdinand II asked his
  general Wallenstien (helped with Bohemian
  campaign) to create a new army.
• This new army was made up of, soldiers, who
  instead of receiving pay would just pillage the
  land they traveled through, and were loyal only
  to Wallenstein.

? Christian IV, King of Denmark
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• Wallenstein drove back Christian IV armies,
  securing large portions of the northern German
  states. placing Germany firmly under
  Ferdinand's control
• 1629 Edict of Restitution was issued, which
  returned to the Church all lands confiscated by
  the Protestants in 1555.

? Albrecht von Wallenstein
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Swedish Phase 1630-1635

• Cardinal Richelieu didnt want a
  Hapsburg-dominated Europe, and put French support
  behind Protestant resistance.
• Cardinal Richelieu used his influence to place
  the King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolfus, at the head
  of the Protestant cause Adolfus himself
  wanted the Baltic region
• In Germany both Catholic and Protestant electors
  urged Ferdinand release Wallenstien and his
  renegade army
• Ferdinand needed support of elector, and
  reluctantly released Wallenstein.
• Adolfus was a magnificent military leader,
  without Wallenstien Catholic forces had no chance
  against the Swedish army.

? Gustavus (II) Adolfus King of Sweden
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• Adolfus invaded the mainland forcing Ferdinand's
  army out of Germany and south to the Danube.
• Ferdinand needed help so he called upon
  Wallenstein again, however even Wallenstien
  couldnt stop Adolfus advancement.
• The armies met in Lutzen in 1632, Wallenstein was
  defeated but during the battle Adolfus died.
• Without Adolfus and less help form the Protestant
  Princes, the Swedish made no further
  advancements.
• Agreements between Ferdinand and Lutheran princes
  over returning property where made Ferdinand
  repealed most of the Edict of Restitution.
• However a final resolution couldnt be made, more
  battles were fought the Protestant princes did
  not want to concede independence to Swedish
  overlord
• Ferdinand abhorred the occupying Swedes, but the
  Swedes found themselves deep in Germany
  surrounded by hostile forces.

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French Phases 1635-1648

• War would continue for 12 more years. Richelieu
  neither France nor Spain wanted peace or
  reconciliation with Germany.
• This phase was the most devastating, the war
  became an all out international struggle.
• Foreign armies marched through Germany causing
  economic and political chaos - Saxony, Bohemia,
  and Bavaria were reduced to deserts
• Almost ¾ of the entire peasant population dies of
  malnutrition and disease there was a mass
  starvation
• Over 300,000 soldiers were killed in battle. It
  is approximated that the population of Germany
  fell from 21,000,000 to 13,500,000.

? Cardinal Richelieu
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The Treaty of Westphalia 1648

• The war ended in 1648, and Germany was
  permanently divided while powerful nation grew
  up beside them.
• The Treaty of Westphalia signed 1648 brought
  an end to any hopes of a united Germany. Each of
  the 300 sovereign German stated would be
  recognized as independent, making it impossible
  for political unity.
• The terms of the Peace of Augsburg were renewed
  and rewritten to include interest of Calvinist
  rulers Lutherans and Calvinists retained
  independence, the north of Germany most remain
  Protestant
• The treaty also created Dutch and Swiss states
  and gave the Swedes control of the Baltic Sea.
• The Thirty Years war which was originally meant
  to unite a country but it ended up dividing it.

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Who Am I?...
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References

• Armenio, Peter. The History of the Church.
  Midwest Theological Forum , 2005.
• 2008, March 3). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 5,
  2008, from Thirty Years' War Web site
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years'_War
• Atkinson, C (2005). The Thirty Years War.
  Retrieved March 5, 2008, Web site
  http//www.pipeline.com/cwa/TYWHome.htm