Figure 18'8 Resource Partitioning by Warblers

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Figure 18.8 Resource Partitioning by Warblers
MacArthur. 1958 NE U.S. Boreal forests syntopy
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• Coral reefs
• Biodiversity
• May be million species in coral reef ecosystems
• Paradox high productivity in nutrient
  impoverished water.
• CaCO3 extracted from sea water and put into
  skeletons

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Mutualism Corals (Cnidarians) and
photosynthetic symbiont
Colony of coral polyps
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A coral polyp
x

1 million/cm2 surface
Dinoflagellates are unicellular, photosynthetic
Energy (10 90)
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Corals and echinoderms
Corals require bare surfaces for
colonization Competition for space with
algae Sea urchins consume both corals and
algae Trade off /
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Echinoderm predators E.g., Crown-of-thorns Mutua
listic crabs and shrimp. Restricted to
corals therefore, relationship is obligate (vs.
facultative)
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Corals and crustaceans
A mutualistic crab lipid rich mucus
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Protection from epibiota
No crabs
Crabs
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Epibiota growth Coral
growth Coral mortality
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Predatory moray eel and cleaner wrasse
/0
/
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2005
Elevated surface Temperatures El Niño 3-7 yr.
Degree-heating-weeks gt4 bleaching expected gt8
mass bleaching and mortality
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Fungal-plant mutualisms Defensive rye and fescue
grasses endophytic fungus
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• Mycorrhizae fungi and plant roots
• 80 of angiosperms
• 100 of gymnosperms
• Increases surface area for water and nutrient
  uptake.

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World-wide distribution
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1 cm root surface 5 m absorptive surface
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Arbuscle
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Bacteria and plant mutualism
N2 - no N3 NH4 N fixation anaerobic Bacterial
metabolism aerobic leghemoglobin
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Root nodules - Rhizobium sp.
Energetically expensive 12-22 of
photosynthetic output
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Nodule
Root