Maternal Behavior

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• An innate behavior
• in ewe, maternal behavior can be induced with a
  combination of estrogen and progesterone and
  progesterone followed by corticosteroid
• increasing oxytocin in the cerebrospinal fluid --
  stimulate maternal behavior

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• Learning
• the role of learning in maternal behavior is
  found mostly in higher primate
• Not well investigate in domestic animal
• Beef is compared to dairy cattle gtgtgt beef cattle
  exhibit more maternal behavior

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• Concaveation
• the role of higher portion of the CNS is
  phenomenon by which the presence of neonates can
  induce maternal behavior in virgin female and
  even in males gtgtcalled concaveation
• Olfactory bulbectomized rat gtgt increase in
  cannibalism

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• Pig
• confined sow
• nest building last 48 hr prepartum -- nest
  seeking, nest building (gathering nest material,
  arranging it by rooting, nosing)

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• Parturition
• once labor begins lie down in lateral
  recumbency, swish her tail violently as
  abdominal straining take place
• parturition usually take 3-4 hr (but vary with
  litter size and condition of the gilt)

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• Parturition (cont)
• Behavior of the Sow Toward the Neonate
• not confine eat placenta
• most piglet begin to breath, quickly struggle
  free from the fetal membrane, a few will not
• human help to remove membrane, clearing of the
  airway, stimulation of respiration

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• Parturition (cont)
• Behavior of the Neonatal Piglet Toward the Sow
• most startling transition from fetal to
  independent existence
• most piglet are nursing within 30 min
• piglet are attracted to soft, warm surface, pig
  vocalization, and the sows odor
• first born piglet use thermal, tactile,
  olfactory cue to find udder

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• Nursing
• 10 hr after the birth of first pigs -- nursing
  become cyclic (bout, every 40 min)
• peak of grunting frequency of sow (call piglet,
  massage the udder with snout) -- correspond with
  oxytocin

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• Mutual Recognition
• use olfaction to identify one another but need
  more than 1 days
• piglet can identify their dams feces, milk and
  urine odor and vocalization
• piglet can easily be fostered onto other sow
  (sows litter lt 1 day old)
• sow will reject strange piglets older than 2 days
  (based on olfaction)

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• Clinical problems
• canibalism
• defensive reaction
• cross fostering

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• Parturition
• Licking and sucking
• Acceptance of the lamb
• Mutual recognition by the ewe and lamb
• recognition of the lamb by the ewe depend on
  at least 3 senses olfactory, auditory, and
  vision

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• Mutual recognition by the ewe and lamb
• recognition of the ewe by the lamb not able to
  discriminate her ewe very well (early), mature
  lamb visual cues become more important
• auditory cue -- important

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• Clinical problems
• cross fostering
• mis-mothering
• oral vice of artificial reared lamb

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• When parturition approach, multiparous doe, leave
  the herd -- seek a sheltered place, and defend
  this area lick the kid, vocalize frequently
• Intensive maternal behavior -- short-lived
• the kid -- left the does to hide and the does
  will rejoin the herd or stay

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• Clinical problem
• kid rejection

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• Parturition
• 82 - occur between noon and midnight, placenta
  -- eaten by cow
• Bonding
• heritability of maternal behavior - low in
  cattle, some breed -- more than the other breed
• cow groom their calve -- early postpartum,
  concentrating on the back and abdomen

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• Bonding (cont)
• critical period for formation of the cow-calf
  bond -- the first few hours postpartum
• Suckling
• passive transfer of immunity to calves - poor in
  dystocia
• Clinical problem
• nonnutritional sucking
• cross fostering

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• Parturition
• onset of parturition in mare - heralded by
  waxing of the udder
• body temperature low, walk more, stand less
• first stage is 4 hr, restless, crouch, straddle,
  urinate
• the smell of fetal fluid -- attractive to
  parturient mare
• second stage - lateral recumbency, violent,
  short time

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• Postparturient behavior
• licking
• sniffing - concentrate first on the head later
  on hind quarter (perianal area)
• imprinting
• Nursing
• suckling 4 times per day
• wean at 40 weeks

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• Mutual recognition
• neigh or winnies -- locate her foal
• Clinical problem
• mis-mothering
• foal rejection

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• Parturition
• Nursing, teat order
• Grooming
• Acceptance of kittens
• Clinical problem
• infanticide
• mis-mothering

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• Parturition
• Nursing
• Weaning
• Clinical problem
• pseudopregnancy
• maternal rejection