Interactions within Ecosystems

1
CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Interactions within Ecosystems
Living things within an ecosystem interact with
each other and the environment.
13.1
Groups of living things interact within
ecosystems.
13.2
Organisms can interact in different ways.
13.3
Ecosystems are always changing.
2
Groups of living things interact within
ecosystems.
13.1
Members of the same species form a
population with in a habitat.
Each species has a distinct role with in a
habitat. This is its niche.
species
population
habitat
niche
community
CHAPTER RESOURCES
SECTION OUTLINE
3
species
13.1
Groups of living things interact within
ecosystems.
species
population
habitat
A group of living things that are so closely
related that they can breed with one another and
produce offspring that can breed as well.
niche
community
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
4
population
13.1
Groups of living things interact within
ecosystems.
species
population
habitat
A group of organisms of the same species that
live in the same area for example, a desert will
have populations of different species of lizards
and cactus plants.
niche
community
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
5
habitat
13.1
Groups of living things interact within
ecosystems.
species
population
habitat
The natural environment in which a living thing
gets all that it needs to live examples include
a desert, a coral reef, and a freshwater lake
niche
community
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
6
niche
13.1
Groups of living things interact within
ecosystems.
species
population
habitat
The role a living thing plays in its habitat a
plant is a food producer, whereas an insect both
consumes food as well as provides food for other
consumers.
niche
community
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
7
community
13.1
Groups of living things interact within
ecosystems.
species
population
habitat
All the populations that live and interact with
each other in a particular place the community
can live in a place as small as a pond or a park,
or it can live in a place as large as a rain
forest or the ocean.
niche
community
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
8
Organisms can interact in different ways.
13.2
Organisms within a community interact with each
other in many ways. Some are predators, some
are prey. Some compete with one another, some
cooperate. Some species form symbiotic
relationships with other species
predator
prey
competition
cooperation
symbiosis
mutualism
Mutualism benefits both
Commensalism benefits one, other unaffected
commensalism
parasitism
CHAPTER RESOURCES
SECTION OUTLINE
Parasitism benefits one, harms other
9
predator
13.2
Organisms can interact in different ways.
predator
prey
An animal that feeds on other animals an owl is
a predator that feeds on small animals such as
mice.
competition
cooperation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
10
prey
13.2
Organisms can interact in different ways.
predator
prey
An animal that is eaten by another animal a
mouse is prey that is eaten by other animals,
such has owls and snakes.
competition
cooperation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
11
competition
13.2
Organisms can interact in different ways.
predator
prey
The struggle between two or more living things
that depend on the same limited resource.
competition
cooperation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
12
cooperation
13.2
Organisms can interact in different ways.
predator
prey
A term used to describe an interaction between
two or more living things in which they are said
to work together.
competition
cooperation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
13
symbiosis
13.2
Organisms can interact in different ways.
predator
prey
A relationship between individuals from two
different species that live closely together.
competition
cooperation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
14
mutualism
13.2
Organisms can interact in different ways.
predator
prey
A relationship between two species in which both
benefit a type of symbiosis.
competition
cooperation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
15
commensalism
13.2
Organisms can interact in different ways.
predator
prey
A relationship between two species in which one
species benefits without harming the other a
type of symbiosis.
competition
cooperation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
16
parasitism
13.2
Organisms can interact in different ways.
predator
prey
A relationship between two species in which one
species is harmed while the other benefits a
type of symbiosis.
competition
cooperation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
17
Ecosystems are always changing.
13.3
Primary Succession In a barren area, a new
community is established with pioneer species,
like mosses, that do well with little or no soil.
Mosses eventually give way to coniferous trees.
limiting factor
carrying capacity
succession
pioneer species
CHAPTER RESOURCES
SECTION OUTLINE
18
Ecosystems are always changing.
13.3
Secondary Succession When a disturbance damages a
community but soil remains, the community gets
reestablished from seeds and roots left behind.
Grasses grow, then small shrubs, and eventually
trees.
limiting factor
carrying capacity
succession
pioneer species
CHAPTER RESOURCES
SECTION OUTLINE
19
Ecosystems are always changing.
13.3
Secondary Succession When a disturbance damages a
community but soil remains, the community gets
reestablished from seeds and roots left behind.
Grasses grow, then small shrubs, and eventually
trees.
limiting factor
carrying capacity
succession
pioneer species
CHAPTER RESOURCES
SECTION OUTLINE
20
limiting factor
13.3
Ecosystems are always changing.
limiting factor
carrying capacity
A factor or condition that prevents the
continuing growth of a population in an ecosystem.
succession
pioneer species
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
21
carrying capacity
13.3
Ecosystems are always changing.
limiting factor
carrying capacity
The maximum size that a population can reach in
an ecosystem.
succession
pioneer species
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
22
succession
13.3
Ecosystems are always changing.
limiting factor
carrying capacity
A natural process that involves a gradual change
in the plant and animal communities that live in
an area.
succession
pioneer species
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
23
pioneer species
13.3
Ecosystems are always changing.
limiting factor
carrying capacity
The first species to move into a lifeless
environment plants like mosses are typical
pioneer species on land.
succession
pioneer species
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
24
13.1
Groups of living things interact within
ecosystems.
I. Groups of living things interact within
ecosystems.
species
A. Organisms occupy specific living areas.
population
1. Populations
habitat
2. Habitats and Niches
niche
3. Communities
community
B. The environment can be organized into five
levels.
C. Patterns exist in populations.
1. Patterns in Living Space
CHAPTER RESOURCES
2. Patterns in Time
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
25
Organisms can interact in different ways.
13.2
II. Organisms can interact in different ways.
predator
A. Organisms interact in different ways.
prey
1. Predator and Prey
competition
2. Competition
cooperation
3. Cooperation
symbiosis
B. The survival of one species might depend on
another species.
mutualism
1. Both Species Benefit
commensalism
2. One Species Benefits
parasitism
3. One Species Is Harmed
CHAPTER RESOURCES
C. Interactions in an ecosystem are complex.
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
26
13.3
Ecosystems are always changing.
III. Ecosystems are always changing.
limiting factor
A. Populations change over time.
carrying capacity
1. Population Growth and Decline
succession
2. Maintaining a Balance
pioneer species
B. Ecosystems change over time.
1. Primary Succession
2. Secondary Succession
3. Patterns of Change
CHAPTER RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
27
Image Gallery
CHAPTER HOME
Click on the icons to see a larger image or
animation.
28
Image Gallery
CHAPTER HOME
BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY
29
Image Gallery
CHAPTER HOME
Parasitism benefits one, harms other
Mutualism benefits both
Commensalism benefits one, other unaffected
BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY
30
Image Gallery
CHAPTER HOME
BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY
31
Image Gallery
CHAPTER HOME
BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY
32
Chapter Resources
CHAPTER HOME
Image Gallery Click here to view chapter images
and animations
Click on the items below to access resources on
Resource Centers Get more information on
select science topics
Content Review Review key concepts and
vocabulary
Math Tutorial Review math concepts
Standardized Test Practice Practice state
standardized tests
BACK TO CHAPTER