A' S' Wylie, Jr' and J' R' Wood

1
Imaging of Niagaran Reef Fields using Well Log
Tomography and 3D Visualization
Permeability md
30
0

• A. S. Wylie, Jr. and J. R. Wood
• Michigan Technological University

2
Niagaran Reef TrendField Location
Belle River Mills
Gill (1977)
3
Niagaran Reef Generalized Facies
Salina Evaporite and Carbonate Units Enclose Reefs
MAP (next)
STROMATOLITE
BOUNDSTONE
REEF CONGLOMERATE
WACKESTONE
500 ft
VE 2X

• Time Surface ?
• Debatable

500 ft
after Gill (1977)
4

XSEC

• Belle River Mills Structure MapTop Reef

N
10
11
Maximum height 400 ft above Non-reef
Brown Niagaran
Deviated well
-1900
14
-1600
Cored Well (34 total)
0.5 mile
CI 50 ft
Reef Well
Reef Rubble Well
5
Niagaran StratigraphyBelle River Mills Rock
Types
MAP (previous)
Rock Type Color Codes
Gill (1977)
6
Core Porosity Permeability (all samples in
Reef by Rock Type)
Avg-11 md (761) 13, 100-7000
Avg-10.7 (761)
0
0
35
100
Avg-260 md (2259) 416, 100-7000
Avg-10.7 (2259)
0
0
35
100
Avg-79 md (1824) 231, 100-7000
Avg-9.4 (1824)
0
35
0
100
Avg-48 md (177) 22, 100-7000
Avg-9.9 (177)
Gill (1977)
Number of samples ()
0
35
0
100
7
Core Phi vs. Perm By Rock Type
STROMATOLITE
n1824
WACKESTONE
n761
Permeability (md)
CONGLOMERATE
BOUND STONE
n177
Porosity ()
n2259
8
Visualization Orientation 2D and 3D example
views
Vertical Exaggeration (VE) 1X to 10X
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Visualization Animation Example Permeability 25
30 millidarcies
Stromatolite
Wackestone
non-reef Niagaran
cored interval
Conglomerate
Boundstone
VE 10X
10
Reef Permeability Cumulative Percent all
samples
30 md (70)
gt 30 md RESET to 30 md
Percent
Core Permeability (millidarcies)
4980 samples
11
Reef Permeability By Rock Type
30 md (70)
gt 30 md RESET to 30 md
Percent
Core Permeability (millidarcies)
4980 samples
12
Permeability Distributionred voxels are 27 30
millidarcies
VE 10X
Many other methods for modeling permeability
13
Log Curve Amplitude Slicing - Review

• Any regularly sampled data from boreholes

WEST
EAST
SLICES
Top Reef
(e.g. Log or Core curve data)

• One or more correlative, bounding time-surfaces

Base Reef, Time-surface (?)
250 ft
0.5
14
Niagaran Core One Permeability Slice
31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up
0 100md
Belle River Mills Reef Limit
23672 (log scale)
23672 PERM CURVE
Zero Perm Boundary
SLICE 175
N
Contour Interval 4 millidarcies
1 mile
Well/Core Control Point
15
Niagaran Core Permeability Animation
31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up
0 100md
Belle River Mills Reef Limit
23672 (log scale)
N
Contour Interval 4 millidarcies
1 mile
Well/Core Control Point
16
Reef Porosity By Rock TypeCumulative Percent
Percent
Core Porosity ()
4980 samples
17
Niagaran Core One Porosity Slice
31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up
PHI 0 20
Belle River Mills Reef Limit
23672
23672 PHI CURVE
SLICE 175
Zero Phi Boundary
Contour Interval 4 porosity
N
1 mile
Well/Core Control Point
18
Niagaran Core Porosity Animation
31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up
PHI 0 20
Belle River Mills Reef Limit
23672
Contour Interval 4 porosity
N
1 mile
Well/Core Control Point
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Key Trends Core Perm, Core Phi GR
Gamma Ray
Core Porosity
Core Permeability
Slice 324
UppermostBOUNDSTONE
more control wells
Slice 145
WACKESTONE
20
What can we do with these models ?
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2D and 3D Visualization aids interpretation of
Permeability and Porosity Trends in the Reef
( 25 md )
VE 10X
Better targeting analysis for vertical and
horizontal wells
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Plan Horizontal well paths (Permeability voxels
25 md)
VE 10X
Improved well bore placement and design
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Well path
Plan Horizontal well paths (Permeability voxels
25 md)
VE 10X
Improved well bore placement and design
24
Perforated Intervals versus Permeability 20 - 30
md
Perforated interval (original)
VE 10X
Improved completions, secondary, and tertiary
projects
25
Best Storage versus Best Deliverability
BEST POROSITY
BEST PERMEABILITY
( 25 md )
( gt 13 )
Perforated interval
VE10X
26
Storage and Deliverability vs. Rock Type
BEST POROSITY
BEST PERMEABILITY
( 25 md )
( gt 13 )
Rock Types
VE10X
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Results/Conclusions

• Location of best porosity (storage capacity) and
  best permeability (deliverability) does
  not always coincide in the reservoir (reef)
• Existing well and log data used to model
  reservoir permeability - porosity distribution
• Applicable to most fields and reservoirs
• Methodology displays complex datasets in
  correct spatial context can rotate and
  maintain spatial relationships
• Methodology uses affordable software

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Niagaran Reef TrendField Locations
Chester 18
Belle River Mills
Gill (1977)
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Chester 18 Field Structure
REEF
Deviated Well
Avg-11.6 (2098)
0.5 mile
Subsea Depth Top NGNRB Top NGNRG
N
CI 50 ft
only vertical wells used in slicing
30
One Gamma Ray Amplitude Slice
Slice 214
0 40
Chester 18 Field Outline
Low GR
N
Contour Interval 4 API Units
High GR
1 mile
Well Control Point
31
Niagaran Gamma Ray Amplitude Slices
19 Wells Slicing Bottom Up - Reef, Reef Flank,
and Off Reef
0 40
Chester 18 Field Outline
Low GR
N
Contour Interval 4 API Units
High GR
1 mile
Well Control Point
32
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One Gamma Ray Amplitude Slice
Slice 214
0 40
Chester 18 Field Outline
Low GR
N
Contour Interval 4 API Units
High GR
1 mile
Well Control Point
34
Niagaran Log Porosity Amplitude Slices
Slicing Bottom Up Gray to Brown Niagaran
0 40
Chester 18 Field Outline
Low PHI
Contour Interval 2 phi
High PHI
N
1 mile
Well Control Point