Energy Balance and Sustainable Solar Electrification in Bhutan

1
Energy Balance and Sustainable Solar
Electrification in Bhutan

• ECE 510- Sustainable Energy Systems
• NGAWANG CHOEDA
• 06/04/2008

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AGENDA

• Institutional Model for Off Grid Solar
• Sustainable Management of Forests
• Revenue from Sale of Hydropower

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Off-Grid Solar Problems

• No Focal Agency
• Inadequate local knowledge of maintenance and
  proper use of systems.
• Poor repair, maintenance, reporting and
  monitoring.
• Low literacy rates
• Written manuals less value
• Limited/difficult access to spare parts.
• 3-4 days walk, less availability
• Improper disposal of Batteries

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Criteria for Model

• Completion of 100 Solar electrification within
  the Five year Plan period.
• Emphasis on Institutional capability with goal of
  providing solar electrification at par with grid
  extensions.

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Basic Assumptions

• Life cycle cost of solar HH electrification equal
  to Grid
• Rural Investment rather than welfare investment
• Effective mobilization of stakeholders
• Effective means to repair and maintain systems

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Present Institutional Model
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A. Institutional Players

• 1. Department of Energy( DOE)
• Focal Agency for Solar Electrification
• Set standards for equipment specification
• Improve the O M process
• 2. Department of Human Resources
• MOU with DOE- Pooling of labor contractors
• Assist in development of Training Programs for
  Village Technicians

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A. Institutional Players

• 3. Area Supervisors
• Contract with DOE
• Assist in training of Village Technicians
• Provide feedback to DOE
• 4. Village Committee
• Supervision of the Village Technicians
• Maintenance of Inventory of spare-parts
• Dispute arbitration between users and technicians
• Forwards requests for additional HH
  electrification
• Decides technicians wages

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A. Institutional Players

• 5. Village Technicians
• Contract with user and Village Committee
• Periodic maintenance and Troubleshoot problems
• 6. User
• Follow DOE guidelines for use of system.
• Minimum charge payment to technician for service

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I. Installation Phase

• DOE- Standard design and Installation Two 11 W
  lights for 4 hrs /day
• Procurement of equipments and spare parts and
  transportation( Directly or Contractor).
• Contractor teams train potential village
  technicians on System installation and
  maintenance.
• Committee selects Village technician
• User sensitization informed of warranty
  conditions, how to obtain maintenance and repair
  support

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II. Service Phase

• DOE will forecast the spare parts requirement and
  reflect in O M expenses of Annual Budget.
• Additional Spare parts Area supervisor to
  ensure that failed part properly
  returned/disposed
• Refresher course on bi-annual basis by
  Institutes.
• Area supervisors to collect maintenance e logs
• DOE will estimate usage of spare parts each year.
• DOE will analyze information from monitoring
  process and upgrade installation standards,
  training programs etc ( if necessary)

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Institutional Phase
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Service Phase
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III. Monitoring and Evaluation

• All major components to be tracked and replaced
  through proper inventory details( serial Nos)
• Village technician to maintain log of maintenance
  activity at each site.
• Area Supervisor collect log sheets and provides
  to DOE for further analysis.( Quarterly preferred
  due to remote locations).
• Proper record of each installations- Serial Nos,
  GPS coordinates etc
• Annual report to be prepared by DOE( statistics
  on O M for year )

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New Components within Model

• Monitoring and evaluation of solar installations.
• Use of Private Sector to install systems and
  train technicians.
• Development of Private Sector capacity in support
  of Solar electrification.
• A comprehensive spare-parts delivery system
• SUSTAINABILITY !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Biomass resources and consumption in Bhutan
(contd)

• One of the highest consumption of firewood in the
  world due to low efficiencies of the devices at
  various end users
• - Open fire mud stove 9
• - Bukhari (metal stove for heating)
• - Altus stoves 20
• - Smokeless stove 15

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Firewood Management
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Wood Efficiency improvement Programme

• Pilot Project- Installation of Clay stoves
• Average fuel wood consumption by rural
  un-electrified HH 7.8 tonnes/HH/annum
• Strategy- Development of forest conservation and
  management strategy
• Learn from other countries mistakes and avoid
  huge expenditures later on.

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Sustainable Forest Management

• Forest code of Practices has been developed which
  will guide planning and implementation in Forest
  Management units (FMUs) for harvesting of
  resources
• No clear felling system
• No Ad-hoc removal of forestry resources without
  a Management plan.
• Constitution of Bhutan requires that 60 of
  country to be under Forest cover.
• Recommendation- Develop modalities and procedures
  for transparent and verifiable assessment of
  changes( increase in forest cover, carbon
  stock,GHG emissions)

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Revenue from 336 MW Plant
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Revenue from 60 MW Plant
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Revenue from 1020 MW Plant

• 2006-07 Net revenue Nu 3000 m( US 75 m)
• Net Annual Revenue from sale of electricity from
  all HPPs close to Nu 5000 million( US 125
  million)

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Hydropower Projects in the pipeline
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Hydropower Revenue Projections
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End of the presentation

• THANK YOU AND TASHI DELEK !