Lesson Five

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Lesson Five

• By Christos Hadjichristidis

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Todays attractions

• Put it all together! Some differences between
  Greek and English languages.
• The beginning of wisdom is the definition of the
  terms-Socrates(470-399 BC).
• Review of grammar learned so far and some more
  nouns
• Shopping dialogue shopping suggestions
• Talking about your Family
• Watch a short movie about Greece

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Greek-English differences

• 1. Consistency between spelling pronunciation
  of the Greek letters. Contrary to popular belief
  Greek is not a difficult language to speak,
  particularly at the beginners level. Unlike
  English, the same letter or combination of
  letters, is pronounced in exactly the same way
  wherever it occurs. Lets prove it!

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Two letter vowels (diphthongs)
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Two letter vowels (diphthongs)
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Double-vowels are pronounced separately if

• A diaeresis diacritic (i.e. ) falls upon the
  second of the two adjacent vowels (i.e. ?a?d????
  donkey gen.).
• An accent falls upon the first of the two
  adjacent vowels (i.e. ???da??? donkey nom).
• However, if the accent falls upon the second of
  the two adjacent vowels then a diaeresis is
  needed in order for the vowels to be pronounced
  separately! (i.e. ?a??? wooden boat, ketch).

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Two-letters consonants
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How on Earth we can guess the gender of a given
Greek noun?

• Some tips
• All masculine nouns (nominative/singular) end in
  ?
• Almost all feminine nouns end in either a or ?
• Most neuter nouns end in ?, ?, or µa
• Of course, there are exceptions, and there are
  those words ending in ??, which can be any
  gender.

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Try to pronounce the following tricky words and
to guess the preceding definite article
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Try to pronounce the following tricky words and
to guess the preceding definite article
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Some grammatical Definitions

• Noun a noun is a word that names a person thing
  or concept.
• An adjective is a word which denotes a property
  or characteristic of a certain noun or a noun
  phrase (white, short, difficult)
• Pronouns are words that stand instead of noun
  phrases. They perform the syntactic functions of
  a noun phrases as subject, object, etc (he, she,
  someone, anything)
• Determiners are words that modify nouns (other
  than articles, adjectives and numerals).
  Determiners in English include (some, any, which,
  etc). In Greek most pronouns, apart from personal
  pronouns, can also be used as determiners.
• Personal pronouns are used to refer to the three
  grammatical persons (i.e. first person sg. I,
  me pl. we, us)
• A quantifier is a word that expresses quantity
  without expressing number (all, much, many,
  plenty of, very few)
• Demonstratives are used to point to something
  (this, that)
• A preposition (in, from, up to, etc) is placed
  immediately before a noun phrase in order to
  indicate the relation of this phrase to some
  other phrase

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The use of cases Nominative case

• The nominative is the basic case dictionaries
  list declinable words in the nominative singular
  form.
• The nominative is used to indicate the subject of
  a verb that does something, or is in a certain
  state, or undergoes a change. (i.e. ? ?a??a
  ?f??e, ? ?a???? ???µ?ta?, ? ???a ?pese ??t?)
• In addition, the nominative is used to indicate a
  subject predicate (a word or a phrase referring
  to the same person, thing, etc, as the subject
• ? ?a??a e??a? ??at??? (Marys a doctor)

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Use of cases Accusative

• The accusative has two chief uses
• To indicate the direct object of a verb (i.e.
  the person thing, etc that is affected by the
  subject) ? ?a??a ???e?se t?? p??ta (Mary shut
  the door)
• Is used for the object of most prepositions
• ? G?????? ???e ap? t?? ????a John came from
  Athens
• ????sa t? ß?ß??? st?? G????? I gave the book to
  John

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The use of the genitive vocative cases

• The genitive depending on a noun most usually
  indicates the person or thing that possesses the
  noun on which it depends. Thus, is equivalent to
  the English possessive case ( the girls, of the
  girl)
• The vocative indicates that the person or thing
  denoted by the noun phrase is being addressed
• ??a, St?fa?e Come on, Stephen!
• ????f??e Murderer!

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Case
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Differences between Greek-English languages
continued..

• In Greek almost all words within a noun phrase
  (noun, article, adjective, pronoun) are
  declinable in gender, number and case. In English
  this happens only with the pronouns!
• She went to the store. The clerk greeted her and
  handed over a small package. The new camera was
  hers at last!
• Moreover, within a noun phrase all other
  declinable words must agree with the noun in
  gender, number and case.

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Try to identify the various parts of the
following noun phrases
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Differences between Greek- English

• The normal order of a sentence in Greek is like
  that in English subject, verb, object. There is
  no special tendency as in Latin to put the verb
  at the end. However, Greek can vary the word
  order for purposes of emphasis or euphony much
  more freely than in English. For example
• ? ???st?? ??????e? t? ?a??a but also T?
  ?a??a ??????e? ? ???st??. (Christos chases
  Mary).
• Thus, when you translate from Greek you have to
  concentrate on the case of the noun (as
  illustrated by its inflectional ending) rather
  than its order within the sentence.

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Differences between Greek- English

• You will be pleased to know that to ask questions
  in Greek there are no changes in word order as in
  English , such as you are are you?, or the
  addition of extra words (you love me do you
  love me?).
• You just have to remember that the pitch of your
  voice goes up
• E?sa? ???a?d?? means you are Irish when the pitch
  of your voice goes down at the end and are you
  Irish? when the pitch of your voice goes up at
  the end

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Personal Pronouns

• Personal pronouns (I, you, he, they) are used to
  refer to the three grammatical persons and are
  also part of the English verbs since they define
  who is doing or receiving the action. Even though
  Greek has equivalent corresponding words they are
  normally left out and mostly used only for
  emphasis
• (i.e. ?s?, t? ???e?? ed? You and nobody
  else!, what are you doing here)

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Differences between Greek- English

• While in English the personal pronoun is always
  used together with the verb in order to
  distinguish the person that it is referring to,
  in Greek this is not necessary.
• The ending of the verb itself differs from the
  first person to the second and so on, and this
  indicates whether the speaker is referring to
  himself or herself, or to another person or
  persons

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Greek numbers 0-12
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Greek Numbers 13-100
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Talking about your Family
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Ordering Activity

• One person starts by saying Ill have and
  adding an item of his choice as if s/he were
  ordering something in a café, e.g.
• Ta p??? µ?a µp??a
• The person on his/her left continues by repeating
  the original order and adding an item of his/her
  own choice, e.g.
• Ta p??? µ?a µp??a ?a? ??a? ?af?
• The activity continues clockwise around the
  group, each learner adding another item to the
  order for as long as the learners are able to
  sustain the orders.