Animal Behavior

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Animal Behavior

• Arent you glad this is the last Power Point ever
  for Mr. Pattesons Class?
• 4/29/2008

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Elements of Behavior

• Behavior? the way an organsim reacts to changes
  in its internal condition or external environment
• Stimulus? any kind of signal that carries
  information and can be detected.
• Response? single, specific reaction to a stimulus

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Types of Stimuli and how animals respond

• Light, sound, odors, heat
• Not all animals can detect all stimuli
• When an animal responds to stimuli, body systems
  ( sense organs, nervous, muscles) interact to
  produce behavior

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Innate vs. Learned Behavior

• Innate Behavior
• Instinct or inborn behavior
• Fully functional form the first time it is
  performed
• Learned Behavior
• Or Acquired behaviors
• Altering behavior as a result of experience

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Four Types of Learned Behavior

• Habituation
• Simplest
• animal stops response to a repetitive stimulus
  (neither rewards nor harms)
• 2. Classical Conditioning
• Connection between a stimulus and some kind of
  reward or punishment.

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Four Types of Learned Behavior cont

• 3. Operant Conditioning
• Animal learns through repeated practice.
• To avoid punishment or gain a reward.
• 4. Insight Learning
• Most complicated
• reasoning applying something known to solve
  something new

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Instinct and Learning Combined

• Imprinting
• Learning based on early experience once occurred
  cannot be changed
• Duckling follows first moving object it sees
• Can be sight or scent

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Behavioral Cycles

• Animals have daily or seasonal cycles of behavior
• Migration
• Hibernation or dormancy
• Circadian rhythmsbehavioral cycles that occur in
  daily patterns
• Sleep at night

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Behavioral Cycles cont

• Courtship
• Find and identify healthy mates passes genes to
  the next generation
• Social Behavior
• Animals interact with members of their species
• Society? group closely related animals of the
  same species

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Behavioral Cycles cont

• Competition and Aggression
• Protection of territory
• Aggression toward another animal
• Communication
• Passing information from one organism to another
• Use chemicals, visual, sound, touch

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Invertebrates

• Groups of Invertebrates
• Sponges
• Cnidarians
• Worms
• Mollusks
• Arthropods
• Echinoderms

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Invertebrates

• First Multicellular Animals
• Specialized Cells, Tissues and organs
• Sponges and cnidarians
• Flatworms have simple organs for digestion,
  excretion, response, and reproduction

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Invertebrates

• Body Symmetry
• All invertebrates have some symmetry (sponges no
  symmetry)
• Radial symmetry? body parts extend from the
  center of the body
• Bilateral symmetry? mirror image left and right
  sides

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Invertebrates

• Cephalization
• Concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in
  the front of the body
• Invertebrates rely on movement for feeding,
  defense, and other important functions
• With Cephalization can respond to environment in
  more sophisticated way

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Invertebrates

• Segmentation
• Most with bilateral symmetry have body segments
• Coelom Formation
• Coelom or body cavity
• Three germ layers
• Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
• Flatworms no coelom
• Pseudocoelomates (roundworms)

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Invertebrates

• Feeding and Digestion
• Intracellular and Extracellular Digestion
• Respiration
• Respiratory organs have large surface areas
  (diffusion occurs)
• Aquatic Invertebrates
• Small use skin
• Larger use gills

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Invertebrates

• Terrestrial Invertebrates
• Respiratory surfaces are covered with water or
  mucus
• Respiratory surfaces
• Mantle cavity
• Book lungs
• Spiracles

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Invertebrates

• Circulation
• All cells require oxygen and nutrients and
  removal of wastes
• Complex animals use hearts and circulatory system
• Two types of circulatory system
• Openblood only partially contained within a
  system of blood vessels
• Closedheart or heart like organ forces blood
  through vessels

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Invertebrates

• Excretion
• All organisms must remove waste and controlling
  water in the tissues
• Aquatic Invertebrates
• Sponges , cnidarians, and roundworms diffuses
  ammonia into surrounding water
• Terrestrial Invertebrates
• Must conserve water while removing wastes
• Convert wastes into Urea

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Invertebrates

• Response
• Three trends in evolution
• Centralization and Cephalization
• Simplest nervous systemsNerve net
• Ganglia few clumps of nerve tissue
• Brain in cephalopods ganglia are organized
• Specialization
• More complex an animals nervous system is the
  more developed its sense organs

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Invertebrates

• Movement and Support
• Muscles are used to move, breathe, pump blood
• Three kinds of skeletal systems
• Hydrostatic skeletons
• Annelids and cnidarians, muscles surround
  fluid-filled body cavity
• Exoskeletons
• Hard body covering made of chitin, muscles
  attached to exoskeleton

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Invertebrates

• Endoskeletons
• Structural support located inside body, sea stars
  and other echinoderms
• Made of calcified plates

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Invertebrates

• Reproduction
• Most reproduce sexually during life cycle
• Many can reproduce asexually
• Asexual and sexual
• Two types of Sexual
• External Fertilization
• Eggs are fertilized outside the females body
• Internal Fertilization
• Eggs are fertilized inside the females body

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• Congratulations!
• Lecture is over!