Suggested questions for Chapter 24

1
Suggested questions for Chapter 24 3 and 4
2
Molecular Evolution

• Evolutionary relatedness or divergence can be
  measured by comparing amino acid sequences of
  proteins common to various organisms.
• Assess the minimum number of nucleotide
  changes that must have occurred during the
  evolution of a protein.
• Minimal mutational distance
• - Totaling all the nucleotide changes necessary
  for all the observed amino acid differences
• - Minimal mutational distance between any two
  species is established.

3
Evolution of Oxytocin and Vasopressin
?
vasopressin
oxytocin
Which one evolved from the other?
4
Evolution of Oxytocin and Vasopressin
gene duplication
vasotocin
vasotocin
vasopressin
oxytocin
5
Minimal Mutational Distance
(some ancester gene)
6
Minimal Mutational Distance
7
Molecular Clock

• Data on amino acid and nucleic acid
  substitutions and mutational distance is combined
  with paleontological evidence (fossils) to
  construct a molecular clock.
• Provides a way of measuring the number of
  mutational events that have accumulated since any
  two organisms shared a common ancestor.
• Rate of protein and nucleic acid evolution is
  constant over time.

8
Evolutionary Schemes
Phyletic Evolution (Vertical Evolution) Species
A becomes transformed into species B over a long
period of time. Gradual transformation of one
species into another over time Cladogenesis
One species gives rise to one or more derived
species, bringing about multiplication of
species. Can occur over a long or short period
of time
9
Cladistics
Cladistics is a method of analyzing the
evolutionary relationships between groups to
construct their family tree.
There are three basic assumptions in cladistics
1. Any group of organisms are related by
descent from a common ancestor. 2. There is
a bifurcating pattern of cladogenesis. 3.
Change in characteristics occurs in lineages over
time.
10
Cladistics
Cladistics is a method of analyzing the
evolutionary relationships between groups to
construct their family tree.
11
Cladogram of Idahos Butterfly Families
12
Conservation Genetics
The field of Conservation Genetics deals with the
conservation of genetic diversity.

• Taxonomic identification and phylogenetic
  classification.
• Identify hybrid species hybridization in native
  populations.
• Population genetic structure of natural and
  managed populations.
• Assess levels of genetic variation within a
  species or population.
• Develop methods to maximize genetic diversity in
  captive breeding programs and re-introduction
  schemes.
• Study the impact of inbreeding and outbreeding
  depression.

?
13
Mouse Phylogeny
14
Effect of Genetic Background
Mus musculus domesticus poshiavanus Y chromosome
bred into a Mus musculus musculus C57BL6
background results in incomplete testis
determination and the development of an
ovotestis.
15
Thank You! I had fun teaching you this semester
and I hope you had fun learning about genetics.
Good luck on the final and have a good summer.
I will have normal office hours during finals
week Monday and Wednesday 130 to 300 pm.