Human Anatomy Lab 3

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Human Anatomy Lab 3

• Appendicular Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Consists of approximately 126 bones in 4 major
  groupings
• Pectoral girdle
• Upper extremity
• Pelvic girdle
• Lower extremity

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Pectoral Girdle

• Attaches upper extremity to the body
• more mobile than other animals but easier to
  dislocate
• Scapula and clavicle
• Clavicle attaches medially to the sternum and
  laterally to the scapula
• sternoclavicular joint
• acromioclavicular joint
• Scapula articulates with the humerus
• humeroscapular or shoulder joint
• easily dislocated because of its loose attachment

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Scapula (shoulder blade)

• Triangular plate that dorsally overlies ribs 2 to
  7
• Spine ends as acromion process
• Coracoid process for muscle attachment
• Glenoid fossa is shallow socket for head of
  humerus

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Scapular Features
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Scapula Features

• Right/Left
• Borders and angles (3 each)
• Fossas (3)
• Notch
• Spine
• Processes (acromion and coacoid)
• Glenoid cavity
• Infraglenoid tubercle (attachment of triceps)

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Clavicle (collar bone)
Conoid tubercle

• S-shaped bone, flattened dorsoventrally
• Inferior surface marked by muscle ligament
  attachments
• Sternal end is rounded -- acromial end is
  flattened
• Thickened in those who do heavy manual labor
• Easily and often broken

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Upper Extremity

• 30 bones per limb
• Brachium or arm contains the humerus
• Antebrachium or forearm contains the radius
  ulna (radius on thumb side)
• Carpus or wrist contains 8 small bones arranged
  in two rows
• Manus or hand contains 19 bones in 2 groups
• 5 metacarpals in the palm
• 14 phalanges in the fingers

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Humerus

• Hemispherical head forms shoulder joint above
  anatomical neck
• Muscles attach to greater lesser tubercles and
  deltoid tuberosity
• Intertubercular groove holds biceps tendon
• Rounded capitulum articulates with radius
• Pulleylike trochlea articulates with ulna
• Olecranon fossa holds olecranon process of ulna
  in straightened arm
• Forearm muscles attach to medial lateral
  epicondyles

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Humerus

• Right/Left
• Head and necks (epiphyseal line)
• Tubercles (2) and intertubercular groove
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Shaft and nutrient foramen
• Condyles (trochlea and capitulum)
• Epicondyles (felt medial and lateral to the
  elbow)
• Medial epicondyle protects ulnar nerve
  (funnybone)
• Fossas (coronoid and olecranon)

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Ulna and Radius

• Radius
• head is disc that rotates freely during pronation
  supination
• articulates with the capitulum
• radial tuberosity for biceps muscle
• Ulna
• olecranon and trochlear notch form proximal end
• radial notch holds head of ulna
• Interosseous membrane
• ligament attaches radius to ulna along
  interosseous margin of each bone

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Radius and Ulna

• Radius
• Head
• Radial tuberosity (biceps
• Styloid process
• Ulnar notch
• Ulna
• Trochlear notch
• Processes (olecranon and coranoid)
• Head
• Styloid process
• Radial notch

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Metacarpals and Phalanges

• Phalanges are bones of the fingers
• thumb or pollex has proximal distal phalanx
• fingers have proximal, middle distal phalanx

• Metacarpals are bones of the palm
• base, shaft head
• numbered I-V

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Carpal Bones

• Form the wrist
• allows flexion, extension, abduction adduction
• 2 rows of 4 bones each
• proximal row is scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
  pisiform
• distal row is trapezium, trapezoid, capitate
  hamate

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But Adrian, Do I Need to Remember all the Carpals?

• Yes!!

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But How Do I Remember Them?

• Proximal row first, then lateral to medial
• Some (scaphoid)
• Lovers (lunate)
• Try (triquetrum)
• Positions (pisiform)
• That (trapezium)
• They (trapezoid)
• Cant (capitate)
• Handle (hamate)
• SOME IS UNDER THE THUMB

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And if you are a Dog Lover

• Proximal row first, then lateral to medial
• Sarah (scaphoid)
• Loves (lunate)
• To (triquetrum)
• Pet (pisiform)
• The (trapezium)
• Tiny (trapezoid)
• Chiuhuhuas (capitate)
• Head (hamate)

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Pelvic Girdle

• Composed of 2 bones right left os coxa
• Transmits weight from
• upper body to legs protects viscera
• Each os coxae is joined tothe vertebral column
  at thesacroiliac joint
• Anteriorly, pubic bones are joined
• by pad of fibrocartilage
• to form pubic symphysis

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Os Coxa (Hip Bone)

• Acetabulum and obturator foramen
• Ilium is superior portion
• iliac crest and iliac fossa
• greater sciatic notch contains sciatic nerve
• ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS
• Pubis is anterior portion
• body, superior, and inferior ramus
• Ischium is posterolateral portion
• ischial tuberosity bears body weight if sit
• ischial spine (separates greater and lesser
  sciatic notch)
• lesser sciatic notch lies between ischial spine
  tuberosity
• ischial ramus joins inferior pubic ramus

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Comparison of Male Female

• Female less massive, shallower pubic arch greater
  than 100 degrees, and pubic inlet round or oval
• Male heavier, upper pelvis nearly vertical,
  coccyx more vertical, and pelvic inlet
  heart-shaped, outlet smaller

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Femur

• Nearly spherical head constricted neck
• ligament to fovea capitis
• Greater lesser trochanters for muscle
  attachment
• Intertrochanteric crest on posterior
• Posterior ridge called linea aspera
• Medial lateral condyles and epicondyles found
  distally
• Smooth patellar surface on anterior femur

gluteal tuberosity
adductor tubercle
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Patella and Tibia

• Patella is triangular sesamoid bone
• Tibia is thick, strong weight-bearing bone on
  medial side of leg
• broad superior head with 2 flat articular
  surfaces
• medial lateral condyles
• separated by intercondylar eminence
• roughened anterior surface can be palpated below
  the patella(tibial tuberosity)
• distal expansion is medial malleolus

anterior crest
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Fibula

• Slender lateral strut that helps stabilize the
  ankle
• Does not bear any of the bodys weight
• use as spare bone tissue to replace bone
  elsewhere
• Head is proximal end
• Lateral malleolus is distal expansion
• Joined to tibia by interosseous membrane

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The Ankle and Foot

• Tarsal bones are shaped arranged differently
  from carpal bones due to load-bearing role of the
  ankle
• Talus is most superior tarsal bone
• forms ankle joint with tibia fibula
• sits upon calcaneus articulates with navicular
• Calcaneus forms heel (achilles tendon)
• Distal row of tarsal bones
• cuboid, medial, intermediate and lateral
  cuneiforms

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Pneumonic Device

• Children (calcaneus)
• That (talus)
• Never (navicular)
• March (medial cuneiform)
• In (intermediate cuneiform)
• Line (lateral cuneiform)
• Cry (cuboid)

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The Foot

• Remaining bones of foot are similar in name
  arrangement to the hand
• Metatarsal I is proximal to the big toe (hallux)
• base, shaft and head
• Phalanges
• 2 in big toe
• proximal and distal
• 3 in all other toes
• proximal, middle distal

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X ray of the Right Foot