Primates in Research

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Primates in Research

• Timo Nevalainen
• Universities of Kuopio Helsinki
• http//www.uku.fi/tnevalai/primates.ppt

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MONKEY AROUND ??
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Definition of Primates

• Large group of about 200 species
• Definition necessitates the use of complicated
  technical terms, such as
• Opposite grip in either hands of feet or both
• Testes in scrotum
• Two mammary glands
• Closed orbital circle

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Taxonomy
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Prosimii

• Primitive primates
• Questionable whether primates at all
• Look like squirrel or fox
• Many are considered endangered

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Prosimii

• Tree shrew (Tupaia glis)
• Native of Far East
• Size and looks like a rat
• Daylight animal
• Gestation 45-50 days
• Two pups born
• Difficult to house in laboratory

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Other Prosimii Species

• Galago senegalensis (Bushbaby)
• Looks of a squirrel
• Occasional research use
• Loris tardigratus
• Nocturnal - huge eyes

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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)

• Wide and low nose
• 36 teeth
• Some have prehensile tail

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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)

• Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
• Considered pest animal in South America
• Most common NWM in research
• About 800 g

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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)

• Owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)
• Weighs less than a kilo
• Nocturnal - large eyes
• Requires high temp and humidity

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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)

• Common marmoset (Callitrix jacchus)
• About half a kilo
• Only species among primates proper with twins
• First primate commonly raised in laboratory

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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)

• Spider monkey (Ateles)
• Larger than previous sp. (7-15 kg)
• Prehensile tail
• Bumpy abdomen, spidery hands and feet

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Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea

• Narrow nose
• 32 teeth
• Often cheek pouches
• If theres a tail, its never prehensile

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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea

• Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvana)
• Only monkey species native to Europe
• Presence of the British Commonwealth and the
  species on the rocks of Gibraltar

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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea

• Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
• Standard monkey of the Pharmacopeias
• Monkey crisis
• Most widely used OWM
• Discovery of the rhesus-factor

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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea

• Stumptail (Macaca arctoides or speciosa)
• Calm and friendly
• Weight 5-15 kg
• Difficult to get

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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea

• Irus macaque (Macaca irus)
• Substitute for Rhesus and stumptail
• Rough character
• Same size as previous two

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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea

• African green (Cercopithecus ethiops)
• Smaller than macaques
• Kidney donor
• Marburg disease

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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea

• Baboons (Papio sp.)
• Rarely used in research
• Remember Christian Barnard ?
• Large and strong handling difficult

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Apes (Hominoidea)

• Orangutang

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Apes (Hominoidea)

• Gibbon
• Gorilla
• Chimpanzee

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Apes (Hominoidea)

• Did we forget one of the hominoids ?
• An important species ?
• Humans
• Look around

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Primate Diseases

• Tuberculosis
• Draining lymph nodes
• Tuberculin testing
• Tissue changes
• Method of tb testing in monkeys

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Primate Diseases

• Herpes B
• Nodules on lips or mouth
• Fatal for humans
• Human herpes
• The other way around to Herpes B

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Primate Diseases

• Herpes T
• Fatal in owl monkey
• Mucosal changes in tamarins

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Primate Diseases

• Pox virus diseases for most species
• Monkey pox
• Small box
• Ecromelia in mice
• Vaccination with vaccinia-virus

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Primate Biology and Housing

• Sex skin
• Follows the estrus/menstrual cycle
• Gestation
• Species dependent 120 days (tamarins) 270
  days (orang)
• Number of offsprings
• Single, except marmosets

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Primate Biology and Care

• Primates require external source of vitamin C.
• New World Monkeys cannot utilize vitamin D2

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Primate Biology and Care

• Cages
• Special design with squeeze-back
• Gang cages
• Prone for fighting beating each other
• Enrichment
• Handling
• Protective measures and handling techniques

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Research Techniques

• Gastric tubing
• Via nose
• IM-injection
• Much like humans
• Squeeze-back used to immobilize them
• IV-injection
• Superficial veins on antebrachium
• Blood samples
• Femoral triangle

CDt
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Research Use

• Research community waits for vaccine or
  therapeutic drug for AIDS
• Need for monkeys ?
• New Directive
• Are F2 animals required?

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Working Safely with Nonhuman Primates

• http//grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/TrainingVideos.h
  tmprimate

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Pop Quiz

• Which animals, other than primates, require
  external source of vitamin C ?
• Which group of primates has prehensile tail ?