Georeferencing with CORS and OPUS

1
Ross Mackay Kentucky Geodetic Advisor
Georeferencing with CORS and OPUS
KAPS Barren River Chapter September 4, 2008
Thanks to Bill Stone New Mexico Geodetic Advisor,
NGS Joe Evjen, Rick Foote, Bill Henning Spatial
Reference System Division, NGS
2
National Spatial Reference System

• Geodetic Control
• - passive marks
• - active CORS
• Continuously Operating (GPS) Reference Station

• OPUS
• Online Positioning User Service
• OPUS-S (static, formerly known as OPUS)
• OPUS-RS (rapid static)
• - test results

• NGS RTK Guidelines, Draft

• OPUS, beta

3
National Spatial Reference System
Geodetic Datum a set of constants specifying
the coordinate system used for geodetic
control and the set of all points and lines
whose coordinates, lengths, and directions have
been determined by measurement or calculation.
Geodetic Datum a set of constants specifying
the coordinate system used for geodetic
control and the set of all points and lines
whose coordinates, lengths, and directions have
been determined by measurement or calculation.
realization of the datum
4
National Spatial Reference System
GZ1195 CURRENT SURVEY
CONTROL GZ1195 _________________________________
__________________________________ GZ1195 NAD
83(2007)- 37 33 10.84479(N) 084 38
38.53174(W) ADJUSTED GZ1195 NAVD 88 -
298.980 (meters) 980.90 (feet)
ADJUSTED GZ1195 ______________________________
_____________________________________ GZ1195
EPOCH DATE - 2002.00 GZ1195 X
- 472,599.208 (meters)
COMP GZ1195 Y - -5,040,927.233
(meters) COMP GZ1195 Z
- 3,866,393.003 (meters)
COMP GZ1195 LAPLACE CORR- 3.65
(seconds) DEFLEC99 GZ1195
ELLIP HEIGHT- 266.930 (meters)
(02/10/07) ADJUSTED GZ1195 GEOID HEIGHT-
-32.02 (meters) GEOID03
GZ1195 DYNAMIC HT - 298.750 (meters)
980.15 (feet) COMP GZ1195 GZ1195 -------
Accuracy Estimates (at 95 Confidence Level in
cm) -------- GZ1195 Type PID Designation
North East Ellip GZ1195
--------------------------------------------------
----------------- GZ1195 NETWORK GZ1195
STANFORD 0.45 0.41
1.00 GZ1195 ------------------------------------
------------------------------- GZ1195
SUPERSEDED SURVEY CONTROL
GZ1195 GZ1195 ELLIP H (11/03/04) 266.930 (m)
GP( ) 3 1 GZ1195 NAD
83(1993)- 37 33 10.84499(N) 084 38
38.53159(W) AD( ) B GZ1195 ELLIP H
(09/07/94) 266.943 (m)
GP( ) 4 1 GZ1195 NAD 83(1986)- 37 33
10.85218(N) 084 38 38.53888(W) AD( ) 1
GZ1195 NAD 27 - 37 33 10.57300(N) 084
38 38.74800(W) AD( ) 1 GZ1195 NAVD 88
(09/07/94) 298.98 (m) 980.9 (f)
LEVELING 3 GZ1195 NGVD 29 (??/??/92)
299.132 (m) 981.40 (f) ADJ UNCH 2
0
Every mark has a story
Date JANUARY 31, 2008 GZ1195

GZ1195 CBN -
This is a Cooperative Base Network Control
Station. GZ1195 DESIGNATION - STANFORD GZ1195
PID - GZ1195 GZ1195 STATE/COUNTY-
KY/LINCOLN GZ1195 USGS QUAD - STANFORD
(1979) GZ1195 GZ1195
CURRENT SURVEY CONTROL GZ1195
__________________________________________________
_________________ GZ1195 NAD 83(2007)- 37 33
10.84479(N) 084 38 38.53174(W) ADJUSTED
GZ1195 NAVD 88 - 298.980 (meters)
980.90 (feet) ADJUSTED GZ1195
__________________________________________________
_________________ GZ1195 EPOCH DATE -
2002.00 GZ1195 X - 472,599.208
(meters) COMP GZ1195 Y
- -5,040,927.233 (meters)
COMP GZ1195 Z - 3,866,393.003
(meters) COMP GZ1195
LAPLACE CORR- 3.65 (seconds)
DEFLEC99 GZ1195 ELLIP HEIGHT-
266.930 (meters) (02/10/07) ADJUSTED
GZ1195 GEOID HEIGHT- -32.02 (meters)
GEOID03 GZ1195 DYNAMIC HT -
298.750 (meters) 980.15 (feet) COMP
GZ1195 GZ1195 ------- Accuracy Estimates (at
95 Confidence Level in cm) -------- GZ1195
Type PID Designation
North East Ellip GZ1195 ---------------------
----------------------------------------------
GZ1195 NETWORK GZ1195 STANFORD
0.45 0.41 1.00 GZ1195
--------------------------------------------------
----------------- GZ1195 MODELED GRAV-
979,852.7 (mgal) NAVD 88
GZ1195 GZ1195 VERT ORDER - SECOND CLASS 0
GZ1195 GZ1195.The horizontal coordinates were
established by GPS observations GZ1195.and
adjusted by the National Geodetic Survey in
February 2007. GZ1195 GZ1195.The datum tag of
NAD 83(2007) is equivalent to NAD 83(NSRS2007).
GZ1195.See National Readjustment for more
information. GZ1195.The horizontal coordinates
are valid at the epoch date displayed above.
GZ1195.The epoch date for horizontal control is a
decimal equivalence GZ1195.of Year/Month/Day.
GZ1195 GZ1195.The orthometric height was
determined by differential leveling GZ1195.and
adjusted in June 1991. GZ1195 GZ1195.The X, Y,
and Z were computed from the position and the
ellipsoidal ht. GZ1195 GZ1195.The Laplace
correction was computed from DEFLEC99 derived
deflections. GZ1195 GZ1195.The ellipsoidal
height was determined by GPS observations
GZ1195.and is referenced to NAD 83. GZ1195
GZ1195.The geoid height was determined by
GEOID03. GZ1195 GZ1195.The dynamic height is
computed by dividing the NAVD 88
GZ1195.geopotential number by the normal gravity
value computed on the GZ1195.Geodetic Reference
System of 1980 (GRS 80) ellipsoid at 45
GZ1195.degrees latitude (g 980.6199 gals.).
GZ1195 GZ1195.The modeled gravity was
interpolated from observed gravity values.
GZ1195 GZ1195 North
East Units Scale Factor Converg. GZ1195SPC
KY1Z - 1,135,942.308 1,597,716.097 MT
0.99992078 0 40 44.5 GZ1195SPC KY1Z -
3,726,837.39 5,241,840.23 sFT 0.99992078 0
40 44.5 GZ1195SPC KY S - 635,926.076
597,719.269 MT 0.99995267 0 40 14.6
GZ1195SPC KY S - 2,086,367.47 1,961,017.30
sFT 0.99995267 0 40 14.6 GZ1195UTM 16
- 4,158,831.395 708,111.688 MT 1.00013351
1 26 11.3 GZ1195 GZ1195! - Elev
Factor x Scale Factor Combined Factor
GZ1195!SPC KY1Z - 0.99995811 x
0.99992078 0.99987890 GZ1195!SPC KY S -
0.99995811 x 0.99995267 0.99991079
GZ1195!UTM 16 - 0.99995811 x
1.00013351 1.00009162 GZ1195 GZ1195
Primary Azimuth Mark
Grid Az GZ1195SPC KY1Z - LANCASTER
MUNICIPAL TANK 036 50 51.6
GZ1195SPC KY S - LANCASTER MUNICIPAL TANK
036 51 21.5 GZ1195UTM 16 -
LANCASTER MUNICIPAL TANK 036 05
24.8 GZ1195 GZ1195-----------------------------
----------------------------------------
GZ1195 PID Reference Object
Distance Geod. Az GZ1195

dddmmss.s GZ1195 GZ3013 LANCASTER MUNICIPAL
TANK APPROX. 9.4 KM 0373136.1
GZ1195 GZ3012 LANCASTER GARRARD CO CTHSE
APPROX. 9.3 KM 0380439.7 GZ1195 GZ1197
STANFORD AZ MK
0864039.0 GZ1195 GZ1196 STANFORD RM 1
29.797 METERS 11243
GZ1195 GZ0861 TIP TOP RESET
APPROX.10.0 KM 1730345.6 GZ1195 GZ1194
STANFORD RM 2 21.010
METERS 21115 GZ1195-----------------------
----------------------------------------------
GZ1195 GZ1195
SUPERSEDED SURVEY CONTROL GZ1195 GZ1195 ELLIP
H (11/03/04) 266.930 (m)
GP( ) 3 1 GZ1195 NAD 83(1993)- 37 33
10.84499(N) 084 38 38.53159(W) AD( ) B
GZ1195 ELLIP H (09/07/94) 266.943 (m)
GP( ) 4 1 GZ1195 NAD
83(1986)- 37 33 10.85218(N) 084 38
38.53888(W) AD( ) 1 GZ1195 NAD 27 -
37 33 10.57300(N) 084 38 38.74800(W) AD(
) 1 GZ1195 NAVD 88 (09/07/94) 298.98 (m)
980.9 (f) LEVELING 3 GZ1195 NGVD
29 (??/??/92) 299.132 (m) 981.40 (f)
ADJ UNCH 2 0 GZ1195 GZ1195.Superseded values
are not recommended for survey control.
GZ1195.NGS no longer adjusts projects to the NAD
27 or NGVD 29 datums. GZ1195.See file dsdata.txt
to determine how the superseded data were
derived. GZ1195 GZ1195_U.S. NATIONAL GRID
SPATIAL ADDRESS 16SGG0811258831(NAD 83)
GZ1195_MARKER DS TRIANGULATION STATION DISK
GZ1195_SETTING 7 SET IN TOP OF CONCRETE
MONUMENT GZ1195_SP_SET CONCRETE POST
GZ1195_STAMPING STANFORD 1935 GZ1195_MARK LOGO
CGS GZ1195_MAGNETIC N NO MAGNETIC
MATERIAL GZ1195_STABILITY C MAY HOLD, BUT OF
TYPE COMMONLY SUBJECT TO GZ1195STABILITY
SURFACE MOTION GZ1195_SATELLITE THE SITE
LOCATION WAS REPORTED AS SUITABLE FOR
GZ1195SATELLITE SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS -
December 03, 2002 GZ1195 GZ1195 HISTORY -
Date Condition Report By GZ1195
HISTORY - 1935 MONUMENTED CGS
GZ1195 HISTORY - 1938 GOOD
KYHD GZ1195 HISTORY - 1950 GOOD
CGS GZ1195 HISTORY - 1958 GOOD
NGS GZ1195 HISTORY - 1963 GOOD
CGS GZ1195 HISTORY - 19930929
GOOD NGS GZ1195 HISTORY -
19951018 GOOD LOWE GZ1195 HISTORY
- 20010914 GOOD KYDT GZ1195
HISTORY - 20021203 GOOD WOOLPT
GZ1195 GZ1195 STATION
DESCRIPTION GZ1195 GZ1195'DESCRIBED BY COAST
AND GEODETIC SURVEY 1935 (MAH) GZ1195'STATION IS
ON THE S SLOPE OF A BARE HILL ON THE RIGHT-OF-WAY
OF U.S. GZ1195'HIGHWAY 27, 2 MILES NNE OF
STANFORD, AND 9-3/4 MILES SE OF GZ1195'DANVILLE.
IT IS 7 FEET ESE OF FENCE, 24 FEET WNW OF CENTER
LINE OF GZ1195'U.S. HIGHWAY 27, AND ABOUT 75
PACES NW OF NEGRO CABIN, AND 200 YARDS GZ1195'SW
OF J.R. MC BEES FARMHOUSE. GZ1195'
GZ1195'SURFACE, UNDERGROUND, REFERENCE AND
AZIMUTH MARKS ARE STANDARD BRONZE GZ1195'DISKS
SET IN CONCRETE. GZ1195' GZ1195'REFERENCE MARK
NO. 1 IS E OF STATION, 10 PACES ENE OF CENTER
LINE OF GZ1195'ROAD, AND 18 INCHES WNW OF FENCE
LINE. GZ1195' GZ1195'REFERENCE MARK NO. 2 IS S
OF STATION, 10 PACES ENE OF CENTER LINE OF
GZ1195'ROAD, AND 18 INCHES WNW OF FENCE LINE.
GZ1195' GZ1195'AZIMUTH MARK IS E OF STATION, 18
INCHES NW OF FENCE LINE, 10 PACES GZ1195'SSE OF
CENTER LINE OF U.S. HIGHWAY 27, AND 12 PACES SW
OF TELEPHONE GZ1195'POLE. GZ1195' GZ1195'TO
REACH FROM THE COURTHOUSE IN STANFORD, GO N ON
U.S. HIGHWAY 27, GZ1195'FOR 1.7 MILES TO GRAVEL
ROAD TO LEFT, KEEP STRAIGHT AHEAD FOR 0.4
GZ1195'MILE TO STATION SITE ON LEFT, JUST PAST
SMALL HOUSE ON RIGHT. GZ1195' GZ1195'A 64-FOOT
TOWER REQUIRED. GZ1195 GZ1195
STATION RECOVERY (1938) GZ1195
GZ1195'RECOVERY NOTE BY KENTUCKY HIGHWAY
DEPARTMENT 1938 GZ1195'STATION, REFERENCE AND
AZIMUTH MARKS, WERE RECOVERED AS DESCRIBED, IN
GZ1195'GOOD CONDITION. GZ1195 GZ1195
STATION RECOVERY (1950) GZ1195
GZ1195'RECOVERY NOTE BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY
1950 (JAW) GZ1195'THE STATION, REFERENCE MARK
NO. 1, REFERENCE MARK NO. 2, AND AZIMUTH
GZ1195'MARK WERE RECOVERED AND FOUND TO BE IN
GOOD CONDITION. GZ1195' GZ1195'THE ORIGINAL
DESCRIPTION IS ADEQUATE. GZ1195 GZ1195
STATION RECOVERY (1958) GZ1195
GZ1195'RECOVERY NOTE BY NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY
1958 GZ1195'2.1 MI N FROM STANFORD. GZ1195'0.9
MILE NORTH ALONG U.S. HIGHWAY 27 FROM THE COURT
HOUSE AT GZ1195'STANFORD, THENCE 0.8 MILE
NORTHWEST ALONG STATE HIGHWAY 590, GZ1195'THENCE
0.4 MILE NORTHEAST ALONG A BLACK TOP ROAD (OLD
U.S. GZ1195'HIGHWAY 27), ABOUT 200 YARDS
SOUTHWEST OF THE J.R. MC BEE FARM GZ1195'HOUSE,
ABOUT 75 YARDS NORTHWEST OF A SMALL ABANDONED
HOUSE, ON GZ1195'THE SOUTH SLOPE OF A BARE HILL,
24 FEET NORTHWEST OF THE CENTER OF GZ1195'ROAD,
98 FEET WEST OF REFERENCE MARK NO. 1, 69 FEET
NORTH OF GZ1195'REFERENCE MARK NO. 2, ABOUT 4
FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF ROAD, AND GZ1195'7 FEET
SOUTHEAST OF THE FENCE LINE. STATION DISK IN
CONCRETE GZ1195'POST, PROJECTING 1 INCH.
GZ1195 GZ1195 STATION
RECOVERY (1963) GZ1195 GZ1195'RECOVERY NOTE BY
COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 1963 (WAZ) GZ1195'THE
STATION MARK, REFERENCE MARK NO. 1 AND REFERENCE
MARK NO. 2 WERE GZ1195'RECOVERED AND FOUND IN
EXCELLENT CONDITION. THE AZIMUTH MARK WAS
GZ1195'FOUND LAYING ON ITS SIDE AND JUST UNDER
THE SURFACE OF A CULTIVATED GZ1195'FIELD VERY
NEAR ITS ORIGINAL LOCATION. THE MARK WAS
COMPLETELY GZ1195'DESTROYED AND THE DISK REMOVED
FOR SUBMISSION TO THE WASHINGTON GZ1195'OFFICE.
DUE TO CHANGES IN THE HIGHWAYS AND THE AREA
AROUND THE GZ1195'STATION SITE, THE ORIGINAL TO
REACH AND STATION DESCRIPTION ARE NO
GZ1195'LONGER ADEQUATE. FOLLOWING IS A NEW AND
COMPLETE DESCRIPTION. GZ1195' GZ1195'THE
STATION IS ALONG THE RIGHT-OF-WAY OF OLD U.S.
HIGHWAY 27 ABOUT GZ1195'9.75 MILES SOUTHEAST OF
DANVILLE AND 2 MILES NORTH- NORTHEAST OF
GZ1195'STANFORD. GZ1195' GZ1195'TO REACH FROM
THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE LINCOLN COUNTY
COURTHOUSE GZ1195'SQUARE IN STANFORD, GO EAST ON
EAST MAIN STREET FOR 0.45 MILE TO THE
GZ1195'JUNCTION OF U.S. HIGHWAY 27 AND STATE
ROUTE 150. HERE TURN SHARP LEFT GZ1195'AND GO
NORTHERLY ON U.S. HIGHWAY 27 AND STATE ROUTE 150
FOR 0.65 GZ1195'MILE TO WHERE STATE ROUTE 150
BEARS LEFT, U.S. HIGHWAY 27 GOES GZ1195'STRAIGHT
AHEAD AND AN OILED ROAD ANGLES OFF TO THE LEFT
BETWEEN GZ1195'THE TWO HIGHWAYS. HERE KEEP RIGHT
AND CONTINUE NORTHERLY ON U.S. GZ1195'HIGHWAY 27
FOR 0.15 MILE TO THE JUNCTION OF STATE ROUTE 590,
TURN GZ1195'SHARP LEFT FOR ABOUT 200 FEET, THEN
BACK RIGHT AND GO NORTHERLY ON GZ1195'STATE
ROUTE 590 FOR 0.5 MILE TO WHERE STATE ROUTE 590
TURNS SHARP GZ1195'LEFT. HERE CONTINUE STRAIGHT
AHEAD NORTHWEST ON A MACADAM ROAD (OLD
GZ1195'U.S. HIGHWAY 27) FOR 0.4 MILE TO THE
STATION ON THE LEFT JUST AFTER GZ1195'PASSING AN
OLD ABANDONED HOUSE AND A DOUBLE METAL GATE
LEADING INTO A GZ1195'SHELL OIL COMPANY BULK
STATION ON THE RIGHT. GZ1195' GZ1195'THE
STATION IS 41 FEET WEST-SOUTHWEST OF AN 8-INCH
CEDAR TREE, 32 GZ1195'FEET EAST-SOUTHEAST OF A
10-INCH LOCUST TREE, 21 FEET NORTH OF THE
GZ1195'APPROXIMATE CENTER OF THE MACADAM ROAD, 7
FEET SOUTH OF A WOVEN WIRE GZ1195'FENCE, 0.9 OF
A FOOT SOUTH OF A METAL WITNESS POST AND SIGN,
AND ON GZ1195'A SLOPING BANK ABOUT 3 FEET ABOVE
THE LEVEL OF THE ROAD. IT IS A GZ1195'STANDARD
DISK SET IN THE TOP OF A 12-INCH SQUARE, CONCRETE
MONUMENT GZ1195'THAT PROJECTS 1 INCH AND THE
DISK IS STAMPED STANFORD 1935 981.402. GZ1195'
GZ1195'REFERENCE MARK NO. 1 IS ACROSS THE MACADAM
ROAD FROM THE STATION, 28 GZ1195'FEET SOUTH OF
THE APPROXIMATE CENTER OF THE MACADAM ROAD AND
GZ1195'1 FOOT NORTH OF A WOVEN WIRE FENCE. IT IS
A STANDARD DISK SET IN THE GZ1195'TIP OF A
12-INCH SQUARE, CONCRETE MONUMENT THAT PROJECTS 2
INCHES GZ1195'AND THE DISK IS STAMPED STANFORD
NO 1 1935 975.464. GZ1195' GZ1195'REFERENCE
MARK NO. 2 IS ACROSS THE MACADAM ROAD FROM THE
STATION, 64 GZ1195'FEET EAST OF THE CENTER OF
THE GATE LEADING INTO THE BULK OIL
GZ1195'STATION. 30 FEET SOUTH OF THE APPROXIMATE
CENTER OF THE MACADAM ROAD, GZ1195'12 FEET EAST
OF A 12-INCH LOCUST TREE, AND 5 FEET NORTH OF A
GZ1195'WOVEN WIRE FENCE. IT IS A STANDARD DISK
SET IN THE TOP OF A 12-INCH GZ1195'SQUARE,
CONCRETE MONUMENT THAT PROJECTS 1 INCH AND THE
DISK GZ1195'IS STAMPED STANFORD NO 2 1935
980.241. GZ1195 GZ1195
STATION RECOVERY (1993) GZ1195 GZ1195'RECOVERY
NOTE BY NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY 1993 GZ1195'THE
STATION IS LOCATED ABOUT 2 MI (3.2 KM) NORTH OF
STANFORD AND 10 MI GZ1195'(16.1 KM) SOUTHEAST OF
DANVILLE ON THE SOUTH SLOPE OF A FENCED
GZ1195'PASTURE. OWNERSHIP--TOM OWENS (606)
365-1200, 236-7400 (BUSINESS). GZ1195'TO REACH
THE STATION FROM THE JUNCTION OF U.S. HIGHWAYS 27
AND 150 GZ1195'BYPASS IN NORTHEAST STANFORD, GO
NORTH ON HIGHWAY 27 FOR 0.1 MI GZ1195'(0.2 KM)
TO STATE ROUTE 590 ON THE LEFT, CONTINUE
NORTHEAST ON GZ1195'HIGHWAY 27 FOR 0.9 MI (1.4
KM) TO RADIO STATION WRSL AND A PAVED ROAD
GZ1195'ON THE LEFT, TURN LEFT AND GO NORTH ON
PAVED ROAD FOR 0.05 MI GZ1195'(0.08 KM) TO A
T-JUNCTION, TURN LEFT AND GO WEST ON PAVED ROAD
FOR GZ1195'0.2 MI (0.3 KM) TO THE TOP OF A HILL
AND THE STATION ON THE RIGHT. GZ1195'NOTE--ALMOST
HALF OF ONE SIDE OF THE CONCRETE MONUMENT IS
BROKEN OFF, GZ1195'BUT THE DISK AND MONUMENT IS
STABLE. GZ1195'STATION IS PROJECTING 1 CM.
LOCATED 6.7 M (22.0 FT) NORTH FROM AND 1
GZ1195'M (3.3 FT) ABOVE THE CENTERLINE OF THE
PAVED ROAD, 32.7 M (107.3 FT) GZ1195'NORTHEAST
FROM UTILITY POLE SPSK630, AND 1.9 M (6.2 FT)
NORTH OF A GZ1195'WITNESS POST IN A WHITE WOODEN
FENCELINE. GZ1195 GZ1195
STATION RECOVERY (1995) GZ1195
GZ1195'RECOVERY NOTE BY LOWE ENGINEERS 1995
(GRP) GZ1195'RECOVERED AS DESCRIBED. GZ1195
GZ1195 STATION RECOVERY
(2001) GZ1195 GZ1195'RECOVERY NOTE BY KENTUCKY
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 2001 (RL)
GZ1195'RECOVERED IN GOOD CONDITION. GZ1195
GZ1195 STATION RECOVERY
(2002) GZ1195 GZ1195'RECOVERY NOTE BY WOOLPERT
CONSULTANTS 2002 (CSM) GZ1195'RECOVERED AS
DESCRIBED WITH THESE ADDITIONS. GZ1195'
GZ1195''PAVED ROAD' REFERENCED IN TO-REACH
DESCRIPTION NOW KNOWN AS RIDGEWAY GZ1195'ROAD.
GZ1195' GZ1195'TO REACH THE STATION FROM THE
INTERSECTION OF US 27 AND US 150 IN
GZ1195'STANFORD, TRAVEL ON US 27 N FOR 1.1
MILES, TURN LEFT ONTO RIDGWAY GZ1195'ROAD,
TRAVEL 60 M TO STOP SIGN AT T-INTERSECTION, TURN
LEFT AND GZ1195'CONTINUE ON RIDGEWAY RD FOR 0.25
MILE TO STATION ON THE RIGHT.

• what's on a datasheet
• Position
• Accuracy
• How to locate and identify
• help files (dsdata.txt, glossary, )
• Metadata

5
Why a mark?
National Spatial Reference System
Why has NGS been doing this for 201 years?
Passive Control

• A placeholder for a survey observation
• A connection to prior surveys
• A network of interconnected surveys
• A positional framework access to NSRS
• An azimuth distance standard to adjust lower
  accuracy survey work.
• A confidence check

6
National Spatial Reference System
Mark Fundamentals
Stable Permanent Unique Recoverable Safe
US COAST GEODETIC SURVEY
----
7
National Spatial Reference System
Stable and Permanent?
Disturbed Marks Coordinates/Elevations Questionabl
e
Destroyed Marks No Coordinates/Elevation
8
National CORS
(GNSS)
enter GPS
Active Control
9
National CORS
Continuously Operating Reference Stations
10
National CORS Network

• 1260 National CORS
• 166 Cooperative CORS
• September 2, 2008

11
National CORS
12
National CORS

• Morehead, KYMH
• Cumberland, KYCB
• Somerset, KYSC
• Campbellsville, KYCB
• Taylor Lake, Lou5
• Ashland, KYAS
• Madisonville , KYTB
• Bowling Green, KYTC
• Elizabethtown, KYTD
• Louisville, KYTE
• Covington, KYTF
• Lexington, KYTG
• Somerset, KYTH
• Flemingsburg, KYTI
• Manchester, KYTK
• Pikeville, KYTL

• Greenbo Lake SRP, KYGB
• Dale Hollow SRP, KYDH
• Rough River SRP, KYRR

• Paducah, KYTA
• Jackson, KYTJ

13
OPUS
Online Positioning User Service
14
How does OPUS-S compute your position?
OPUS
3 single baselines computed
solution 2
CORS solution 1
solution 3
3 positions averaged simple mean (equal
weights)
15
OPUS Guidelines
OPUS
formerly known as OPUS

• Your data must be dual frequency (L1 and L2),
• contain at least 2 hours of observations
• and have a collection rate of 1,2,3,5,10,15 or
  30 seconds

• Your data must be dual frequency (L1 and L2),
• contain between 15 minutes and 4 hours of
  observations
• and have a collection rate of 1,2,3,5,10,15 or
  30 seconds.

16
OPUS
17
OPUS
Daily OPUS Solutions
18
Quick Link to OPUS from NGS Home
Page www.ngs.noaa.gov
19
Using the OPUS Web Page
OPUS
20
OPUS Options
OPUS
specify State Plane Coordinate System
specify CORS to use, or not use
21
OPUS
more OPUS Options
Extended output
XML output
OPUS project
user profile
22
OPUS
OPUS Upload Confirmation
23
OPUS

• Antenna Height
• true vertical distance
• measured in meters

ARP
MARK
24
Why do I need the antenna type?
OPUS
The antenna phase centers are located somewhere
around here.
The antenna offsets are the distance between the
phase centers and the ARP
ARP
You do not need to know these offsets. They are
passed to the processing software through the
antenna type
The Antenna Reference Point (ARP) is almost
always located in the center of the bottom
surface of the antenna.
Incorrect or missing antenna type ? big vertical
errors
25
OPUS
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Antenna Phase Center Variation
SV 20
SV 20
SV 14
SV 14
Different Phase Patterns
SV elevation and varying phase patterns affect
signal interpretation differently
Antenna Type B
Antenna Type A
26
Multipath
OPUS

• multiple signal paths between satellite and
  receiver
• caused by reflected signals within receiver
  environment
• chain link fences
• vehicles
• road signs
• to reduce multipath, use ground plane and avoid
  nearby reflective surfaces

27
OPUS
FILE corv0590.05o 000416827 1008 NOTE
Antenna offsets supplied by the user were zero.
Coordinates 1008 returned will be for the
antenna reference point (ARP). 1008
NGS OPUS SOLUTION REPORT

USER jeff.olsen_at_noaa.gov
DATE January 13, 2006 RINEX FILE corv059f.05o
TIME 190814 UTC
SOFTWARE page5 0601.10 master3.pl
START 2005/02/28 050000 EPHEMERIS
igs13121.eph precise STOP
2005/02/28 065930 NAV FILE brdc0590.05n
OBS USED 4228 / 4314
98 ANT NAME ASH700936B_M NONE
FIXED AMB 25 / 29 86 ARP HEIGHT
0.0 OVERALL RMS
0.013(m) REF FRAME NAD_83(CORS96)(EPOCH2002.0
000) ITRF00 (EPOCH2005.1596)
X -2498423.165(m) 0.018(m)
-2498423.872(m) 0.018(m) Y
-3802822.048(m) 0.021(m)
-3802820.836(m) 0.021(m) Z
4454737.695(m) 0.024(m)
4454737.792(m) 0.024(m) LAT 44 35
7.91054 0.002(m) 44 35 7.92698
0.002(m) E LON 236 41 43.48129
0.014(m) 236 41 43.42434 0.014(m)
W LON 123 18 16.51871 0.014(m) 123
18 16.57566 0.014(m) EL HGT
107.485(m) 0.034(m) 107.108(m)
0.034(m) ORTHO HGT 130.010(m)
0.043(m) Geoid03 NAVD88
UTM COORDINATES STATE PLANE COORDINATES
UTM (Zone 10) SPC
(3601 OR N) Northing (Y) meters 4936954.907
105971.557 Easting (X) meters
475821.322 2277335.385 Convergence
degrees -0.21381402
-1.98897497 Point Scale 0.99960719
0.99994603 Combined Factor
0.99959034 0.99992918 US NATIONAL GRID
DESIGNATOR 10TDQ7582136955(NAD 83)
BASE STATIONS USED PID
DESIGNATION LATITUDE
LONGITUDE DISTANCE(m) AH2489 NEWP NEWPORT CORS
ARP N443506.072 W1240342.736
60138.7 AJ6959 CHZZ CAPE MEARS CORS ARP
N452911.437 W1235841.187 113322.4 DH4503 P376
EOLARESVR_OR2004 CORS ARP N445628.313
W1230608.100 42648.2 NEAREST
NGS PUBLISHED CONTROL POINT AH2486 CORVALLIS
CORS ARP N443507.910 W1231816.519
0.0
OPUS OutputStandard
28
Reading OPUS Output
OPUS
USER jeff.olsen_at_noaa.gov
DATE January 13, 2006 RINEX FILE corv059f.05o
TIME 190814 UTC
SOFTWARE page5 0601.10 master3.pl
START 2005/02/28 050000 EPHEMERIS
igs13121.eph precise STOP
2005/02/28 065930 NAV FILE brdc0590.05n
OBS USED 4228 / 4314
98 ANT NAME ASH700936B_M NONE
FIXED AMB 25 / 29 86 ARP HEIGHT
0.0 OVERALL RMS
0.013(m)

• Your email address observation file. Solution
  run date time

• The version of PAGES software used for
  processing

• The ephemeris used (OPUS will use the best
  available)
• igs final post-fit orbit--better than 1 cm
  (10-14 days wait)
• igr rapid post-fit orbit--better than 2 cm (17
  hours wait)
• igu ultra-rapid predicted orbit--better than
  20 cm (available
• immediately)
• Navigation file used

• The antenna type you selected and height of
  antenna reference point height you entered.
  Confirm that these are correct.

29
Reading OPUS Output (continued)
OPUS
USER jeff.olsen_at_noaa.gov
DATE January 13, 2006 RINEX FILE corv059f.05o
TIME 190814 UTC
SOFTWARE page5 0601.10 master3.pl
START 2005/02/28 050000 EPHEMERIS
igs13121.eph precise STOP
2005/02/28 065930 NAV FILE brdc0590.05n
OBS USED 4228 / 4314
98 ANT NAME ASH700936B_M NONE
FIXED AMB 25 / 29 86 ARP HEIGHT
0.0 OVERALL RMS
0.013(m)

• Start and end date time of your file

• Ratio and of observations used in solution

• Ratio and of fixed/total ambiguities

• Overall RMS of the solution

30
Reading OPUS Output Solution/Coordinates
OPUS

• REF FRAME NAD_83(CORS96)(EPOCH2002.0000)
  ITRF00 (EPOCH2005.1596)
• X -2498423.165(m) 0.018(m)
  -2498423.872(m) 0.018(m)
• Y -3802822.048(m) 0.021(m)
  -3802820.836(m) 0.021(m)
• Z 4454737.695(m) 0.024(m)
  4454737.792(m) 0.024(m)
• LAT 44 35 7.91054 0.002(m)
  44 35 7.92698 0.002(m)
• E LON 236 41 43.48129 0.014(m)
  236 41 43.42434 0.014(m)
• W LON 123 18 16.51871 0.014(m)
  123 18 16.57566 0.014(m)
• EL HGT 107.485(m) 0.034(m)
  107.108(m) 0.034(m)
• ORTHO HGT 130.010(m) 0.043(m)

Geoid03 NAVD88

• Reference frames. Epochs

• Position, xyz

• Peak-peak errors, xyz (range, max-min)

• Position, lat / long / eh / oh

• Peak-peak for lat/long etc

• Peak-peak errors may vary between NAD83 ITRF

• Orthometric ht. is based on current geoid model

31
OPUS Output (continued)Grid Coordinates
OPUS

• UTM COORDINATES STATE PLANE COORDINATES
• UTM (Zone 10)
  SPC (3601 OR N)
• Northing (Y) meters 4936954.907
  105971.557
• Easting (X) meters 475821.322
  2277335.385
• Convergence degrees -0.21381402
  -1.98897497
• Point Scale 0.99960719
  0.99994603
• Combined Factor 0.99959034
  0.99992918
• US NATIONAL GRID DESIGNATOR 10TDQ7582136955(NAD
  83)

• Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates

• US National Grid

• State Plane coordinates (if requested)

32
OPUS
Reading OPUS Output (continued)

• BASE STATIONS USED
• PID DESIGNATION
  LATITUDE LONGITUDE DISTANCE(m)
• AH2489 NEWP NEWPORT CORS ARP
  N443506.072 W1240342.736 60138.7
• AJ6959 CHZZ CAPE MEARS CORS ARP
  N452911.437 W1235841.187 113322.4
• DH4503 P376 EOLARESVR_OR2004 CORS ARP
  N445628.313 W1230608.100 42648.2
• NEAREST NGS PUBLISHED CONTROL
  POINT
• AH2486 CORVALLIS CORS ARP
  N443507.910 W1231816.519 0.0
• This position and the above vector components
  were computed without any
• knowledge by the National Geodetic Survey
  regarding the equipment or
• field operating procedures used.

• Base Stations--NAD83 position--distance away

• The closest published station in the NGS data
  base
• In case you didnt know it was there

• Disclaimer

33
How Does OPUS Compute Errors?
OPUS
peak-to-peak distances
N
1 s standard deviation
W
E
peak-to-peak error 2 s
S
34
Guidelines for Good Solution
OPUS

• Make sure antenna type and height are correct

• Review statistics
• at least 90 of observations should be used
• OBS USED 4228 / 4314 98
• at least 50 of the ambiguities should be fixed
• FIXED AMB 25 / 29 86
• overall RMS should seldom exceed 0.030 m
• OVERALL RMS 0.013(m)

• In case of bad statistics, try choosing
  different CORS and re-submit.

35
How Can I Improve My Results?
OPUS

• Consider observing a longer session

- Data sets of at least four hours have been
shown to produce more reliable results

• Avoid conditions that perturb the GPS
  signalunsettled weather, solar flares, multipath
  (nearby reflective surfaces)

36
Horizontal Error
OPUS

• gt 200 CORS stations
• 2 hours of data
• 0.8 cm N-S RMS
• 1.4 cm E-W RMS

37
Vertical Error
OPUS

• gt 200 CORS stations
• 2 hours of data
• 1.9 cm ellipsoid
• height RMS

38
How do I get help?
OPUS

• Study the Guidelines under Using OPUS

• Review the answers
• under FAQs

• Submit specific questions, comments or
  suggestions using Contact OPUS link

39
OPUS-RS
OPUS-RS (Rapid Static)

• 15-minute sessions
• ties to 3 9 CORS (lt 250km)
• uses RSGPS vs. PAGES software
• similar to Real-Time Network computations
• Rapid Static GPS solution modes
• network solves ambiguities, tropo, iono
• rover tropo and ion interpolated to rover

40
OPUS-RS Search Algorithm
OPUS-RS

• form Delaunay Triangulation of candidate CORS
• select 3 CORS in triangle
• enclosing rover, or
• closest to the rover
• expand selection process to include up to 9 CORS

41
OPUS-RS Output
OPUS-RS
NGS OPUS-RS SOLUTION REPORT     USER
william.stone_at_noaa.gov                 DATE
October 29, 2007 RINEX FILE 1207287x.07o  
                      TIME 143904
UTC  SOFTWARE rsgps  1.09 RS11.prl 1.12    
START 2007/10/14 232715 EPHEMERIS
igr14490.eph rapid                     STOP
2007/10/15 000015 NAV
FILE brdc2870.07n                        OBS
USED   1962 /  2082    94
ANT NAME ASH701975.01A                
QUALITY IND.   34.21/ 37.91 ARP HEIGHT 0.0    
                      NORMALIZED RMS 0.307
 REF FRAME NAD_83(CORS96)(EPOCH2002.0000)  
 ITRF00 (EPOCH2007.78627)    
LAT 36  2 52.79767      0.008(m)       36  2
52.81498     0.008(m)      E LON   252  2
18.45532    0.013(m)       252  2 18.41156  
  0.013(m)      W LON   107 57 41.54468
 0.013(m)       107 57 41.58844     0.013(m)   
  EL HGT         1974.304(m)  
0.005(m)       1973.396(m)   0.005(m)  ORTHO
HGT         1995.280(m)   0.026(m)
Geoid03 NAVD88

• Fixed Ambiguities replaced by Quality
  Indicator
• average of W-ratio (separation between candidate
  sets of ambiguities) of last 3 epochs
• reported as network mode / rover mode
• look for values gt 3 for confidence in solution

42
OPUS-RS Output
OPUS-RS
NGS OPUS-RS SOLUTION REPORT     USER
william.stone_at_noaa.gov                 DATE
October 29, 2007 RINEX FILE 1207287x.07o  
                      TIME 143904
UTC  SOFTWARE rsgps  1.09 RS11.prl 1.12    
START 2007/10/14 232715 EPHEMERIS
igr14490.eph rapid                     STOP
2007/10/15 000015 NAV
FILE brdc2870.07n                        OBS
USED   1962 /  2082    94
ANT NAME ASH701975.01A                
QUALITY IND.   34.21/ 37.91 ARP HEIGHT 0.0    
                      NORMALIZED RMS 0.307
 REF FRAME NAD_83(CORS96)(EPOCH2002.0000)  
 ITRF00 (EPOCH2007.78627)    
LAT 36  2 52.79767      0.008(m)       36  2
52.81498     0.008(m)      E LON   252  2
18.45532    0.013(m)       252  2 18.41156  
  0.013(m)      W LON   107 57 41.54468
 0.013(m)       107 57 41.58844     0.013(m)   
  EL HGT         1974.304(m)  
0.005(m)       1973.396(m)   0.005(m)  ORTHO
HGT         1995.280(m)   0.026(m)
Geoid03 NAVD88

• Overall RMS replaced by Normalized RMS
• unitless quantity, expected 1
• aka standard deviation of unit weight
• if gt 1, noisy data somewhere
• typically lt1, meaning noise less than expected

43
OPUS-RS Output
OPUS-RS
NGS OPUS-RS SOLUTION REPORT     USER
william.stone_at_noaa.gov                 DATE
October 29, 2007 RINEX FILE 1207287x.07o  
                      TIME 143904
UTC  SOFTWARE rsgps  1.09 RS11.prl 1.12    
START 2007/10/14 232715 EPHEMERIS
igr14490.eph rapid                     STOP
2007/10/15 000015 NAV
FILE brdc2870.07n                        OBS
USED   1962 /  2082    94
ANT NAME ASH701975.01A                
QUALITY IND.   34.21/ 37.91 ARP HEIGHT 0.0    
                      NORMALIZED RMS 0.307
 REF FRAME NAD_83(CORS96)(EPOCH2002.0000)  
 ITRF00 (EPOCH2007.78627)    
LAT 36  2 52.79767      0.008(m)       36  2
52.81498     0.008(m)      E LON   252  2
18.45532    0.013(m)       252  2 18.41156  
  0.013(m)      W LON   107 57 41.54468
 0.013(m)       107 57 41.58844     0.013(m)   
  EL HGT         1974.304(m)  
0.005(m)       1973.396(m)   0.005(m)  ORTHO
HGT         1995.280(m)   0.026(m)
Geoid03 NAVD88

• Peak-to-Peak replaced by Est. Standard Deviations
• approximately 95 confidence
• derived from scatter of single baseline
  solutions
• formal standard deviations (optimistic)
  available
• in Extended Output

44
OPUS-RS
45
OPUS test
Comparing OPUS-S and OPUS-RS
KentuckyCORS Network
46
OPUS test
OPUS-S
47
OPUS test
OPUS-S
48
OPUS test
OPUS-SRepeat Sessions
Vertical Scale 1.5 CMgt ½ inch
49
OPUS test
OPUS-RS
50
OPUS test
OPUS-RSRepeat Sessions
Vertical Scale 5 CM, 2 inches
51
OPUS test
GPS Planning Software
52
Many Flavors of OPUS Planned
OPUS

• OPUS-S
• receiver, hours of data, no archive
• OPUS-RS (Rapid Static)
• receiver, minutes of data, no archive
• OPUS-DB
• receiver, hours of data, archive results
• OPUS Projects
• multiple receivers, archive results
• OPUS GIS
• receiver, minutes of data, no archive

53
Draft RTK Guidelines
User Guidelines for Classical Real Time GNSS
Positioning
Table of Contents Acknowledgements
... i Table of Contents..
ii Notation and Acronyms...
iii I. Introduction
1 II. Equipment..
4 III. Software Firmware......
. 11 IV. Before Beginning Work..
17 V. Field Procedures..
25 VI. Further Work in the Office
. 40VII. Contrast to Real-time Networks
(RTN)..42 VIII. Classical Real-time
Positioning Glossary44 References
. 75 Appendix A Vermont Case
Study. 77 Appendix B Differencing
Ambiguity Resolution. 92
54
Draft RTK Guidelines
Unlike networked solutions for RT
positioning, in classical (single-base) RT
positioning there is minimal atmospheric modeling
because it is assumed that both the base station
and the rover are experiencing nearly identical
atmospheric conditions. Therefore, the errors
will be relative to both and would not adversely
affect the baseline between them as long as
baseline distances are kept relatively short (
20 km) so that atmospheric conditions are not
expected to differ between base and rover.
However, a correct ambiguity resolution must be
achieved to provide centimeter-level precision.
Atmospheric conditions can cause enough signal
noise to prevent initialization or, worse, can
result in an incorrect ambiguity resolution.
55
Draft RTK Guidelines
56
Draft RTK Guidelines
Guidelines and Procedures for Different Real-Time
Accuracy Classes
57
Draft RTK Guidelines
Appendix A Vermont Case Study

• On Site Collection Procedure
• Setup bipod/antenna and start survey
• Initialize to nearest CORS
• Collect observation using the criteria for RT1,
  RT2, RT3 and RT4 in rapid succession (regardless
  of actual field conditions
• End survey
• Start new survey
• Initialize to a different CORS
• Repeat steps 3-6 using a number of CORS stations
• End Survey
• Move to different test locations and repeat steps
  1-8
• Repeat procedure steps 1-9 four or more hours
  later

58
Draft RTK Guidelines
Data by Accuracy Class
Table 2 Standard Deviation of the average of
Day1-Day2 observations
Table 2 illustrates that there is no significant
difference in the precision of the horizontal
components relative to duration of observation.
There is however a minor improvement with
observation time in the vertical component. It
should be noted that the standard deviation of
the northing component includes the suspect
observations at LLCZ. If those observations are
removed, the standard deviation into the 1cm to
1.5cm range and is very comparable to standard
deviation shown for the easting component. Table
2 also shows that the vertical precision is
equally as good as the horizontal precision.
59
Draft RTK Guidelines
Caltrans/Division of Right of Way and Land
Surveys, Surveys Manual, (2006).
http//www.dot.ca.gov/hq/row/landsurveys/SurveysMa
nual/Manual_TOC.html
60
Draft RTK Guidelines
KYTC Highway Design Manual, (2006).
http//transportation.ky.gov/design/designmanual/D
esign_Manual.html
61
OPUS, beta
62
OPUS, beta
63
Ross Mackay Kentucky Geodetic Advisor
ross.mackay_at_ky.gov on the web at ngs.ky.gov (502
) 564-1474