Calendar

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Calendar

• Jelena Pogosjan

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???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????
(???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ? XIV ?.)
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???? ????? (???????? ?????, XVII ?.)
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(No Transcript)
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?????????? ?????? (????????)?????? ?
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????????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? (???. ?????
??????? ???????? ???? ????? (1689)
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Early printed calendars

• Almanach ad Annum 1494
• (Nuremberg Caspar Hochfeder, 1493)

Almanach Perpetuum (Leiria Abraão d'Ortas,
1496).
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??????The calendar of saints
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Russian medieval Calendar (1331-1332)
Left lunar hand (Moses hand) Passover
Right solar hand (St. John the Baptist hand)
Christian Easter
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????????????? ????? ?????????? (1136 ?.)
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???? ????? ???? ?????? - 7 ????? ???
????????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????
???? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? 11
?????? - 100 15 ?????? 7 000 ??? ??????, ?????
? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???
???????? ?????? - ? ?????? - ? ???? -
? ?????? - ? ?????? - ? ???????? - ? ???? - ?
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???????? ? ???????? ??????? (XVI ?.)

• ???????? ???? ????????, ??? ??. ??????? ?? ??????
  ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?
  8-? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ? ???, ????? ???
  ?????? ??? ?????.
• ????? ? ??????? 8 ???????? 1380 (6888 ?. ??
  ????. ????)

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Jacques Le Goff Time, Work, and Culture in the
Middle Ages

• ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
• ?????????? ?????????
• ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????
• (????????)
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• ?????? ?????????
• ??????? ?????? (??????)
• ???? ??????????? ??????
• ??? ???????????? ??????

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??????????????? ????? ? ?????? XVII ?.

• ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ? ? ????????
  ?? ??????, ? ??????? ??? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????
  ?????? ??????????????? ???. ? ????? ??????? ???
  ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????
  ????????? ????????, ? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?
  ? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????,
  ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ????????? ??????,
  ???? ???? ????? ?????. ? ? ??????? ???? ????????
  ???? ???????? ???????? ????, ? ??? ???????????
  ??????, ? ?? ??????????? ??? (???????? 1649 ?.)

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????? ?????? ? ?????? XVII ?.

• ? ?????????????? ? ????????? ???????, ??? ??
  ????????, ??? ?? ?????????! ???? ? ?? ?????? ?
  ???? ????? ? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????
  ?????? ???? ? ??, ???????????? ???????, ???? ????
  ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????,
  ? ???? ????????? ????????. ?? ???? ?? ????????
  ???? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ?
  ????? ??????. ? ?? ???????? ?????????, ?? ????. ?
  ????? ? ????, ????? ???? ????????, ??????
  ????????, ? ? ??????, ? ? ?????. ????? ?????????,
  ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?
  ???????????. ? ?? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?
  ????, ? ??? ????????????? ????
• (?????? ?????? ??. ??????????,
• ??????????? ????????)

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????????? ????? ? ???????????? ?????

• 23 ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????
  1480 ?.
• 28 ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????
  ? 1514 ?.
• 19 ??????? ?????????? ????????? - ?????? ???
  ?????-?????? 1591 ?.
• 22 ??????? ?????????? ?????????

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??????????? ??????? ?????

• ?? 1700 ?. ????? 1700 ?.
• ????? ??? 1 ???????? 1 ??????
• ??? ????. ???? ?????????
• (7207 ?.) (1700 ?.)
• ???????????? ? ??????????
• ????? ? ?????? 8 ???????
• ????? ??? ? ????? ???

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???? ????? 19 ??????? 1699 ?.

• ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??-???????, ?
  ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?
  ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????. ?
  ? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????
  ???? ????? ? ????? ?????, ????? ? ?????
  ???????????? ? ? ????? ?????????????. ? ?????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????, ?????
  ?????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???. ? ????????
  ????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? - ?? ??
  ?????? ???? ???????.

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Calendar as a cultural phenomenon

• Universal character
• Book for reading
• Calendar is Never right

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Calendar as a book for reading

• ?? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????
• ??????????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ???
  ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?
  ????????, ? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?
  ?????????? ????? ???????????, ????? ??
  ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????,
  ???? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????
  ??????????????? ?????, ??? ? ??????? ?????? ????
  ???????? ?? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????
  (?????? ?.?. ????? ????? (?????? ?????? 1789
  ?.) // ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????
  ?????? ???????? XVIII ????. / ???. ? ???. ??????
  ?.?. ????????. ???. ???????????? ????????????
  ??????????. 1952. ?. 2. ?. 292).
• A landlord noble landowner residing in his
  village spend his entire life hunting on the
  weekdays in the fields with his dogs, and on
  Sundays drinking himself blind in the company of
  a local priest. To read a moral moralizing
  book, he considers to be a dishonor insult to
  his noble descent, since he barely learned how to
  decipher understand even the calendar signs

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• ?????? ? ???, ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????
  ? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????
  (????????? ??, ??? ????? ?????????????), ?? ?
  ??????, ??? ?????????????.
• ? ????????? ???? ?????
• Some people believe the Calendars to the extent
• That they do not submit themselves to the Higher
  Power,
• And they do not recognize the doctrines of the
  church fathers,
• Instead they learn about limits of divine
  eternity from the Calendars.
• ?? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ??????????????
  (?????????? ?????)
• I wanted to wish you happy New Year, but I dont
  know in which calendar you believe in the Julian
  calendar or in the ancient Roman calendar, or,
  may be you share the believe that year starts
  with any given day?

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Never right Manipulations

• Moscow Calendar for 1726
• The Empress Catherine I, born in 1688, 38 years
  old
• Last years calendar said 41 years old, and even
  that is understatement

St.-Petersburg Calendar for 1744 The Grand Duke
Peter 15 years old St.-Petersburg Calendar for
1745 The Grand Duke Peter 17 years old The
Grand Duchess Catherine 16 years old
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The Calendar is Never right Weather Forecasts
St.-Petersburg Calendar for 1718 1 Rain note
it was sunny for the whole day 7 Cold Night
note it was raining 26 Sunshine note
it was raining
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The Calendar is Never right Weather Forecasts

• Severe cold, rain and wind, all together, turned
  the best day of the Fall into a unbearable one.
  ltgt Everybody was rushing to get home as soon as
  possible, and many of them blamed themselves for
  believing in the Calendar prediction, and going
  out in their best attires
• (Ivan Krylov The
  correspondence
• of devils, 1789)

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Jacob Daniel Bruce (1669-1735)
The Calendar of Bruce (1709-1711 published by
Vasilii Kupriianov) Republished in 1715, 1762,
1875 (for 200 years, up to 1996)
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First Perpetual Calendar Bruces Calendar
(for 112 years)
On November 23 1714, Peter I ordered to one of
Moscow printing-house editors Include
prognostics into the calendar and supply a copy
by Christmas
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The Calendar is Never right Prognostics
August If the Turkish War will continue, there
will be an important battle.
January The beginning is quiet, and there are a
lot of merry-making, however, all this could
easily turn into sadness and tears.
July Between military enemies there are a lot of
disagreements and battles, and in private lives a
lot of quarrels as well. However, lovers by
making pacts a lot of disagreements can destroy,
and unite in marriage.
December The year is close to its end, however,
there still might happened something unexpected.
November The stars are good for scientists and
artisans, and for those who imagine things and
make discoveries, sales are successful as well.
February You better be careful, and save your
words and protect your money.
March A lot of angry quarrels, murders,
robberies and arsons are coming.
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St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences new
publisher for the calendar (1728).

• The first Academic calendar free of
  superstitions (financial disaster).
• 1729 Prognostics are back to the Calendar
  (instead of 1000 4000 issues were printed and
  sold).
• New strategy to include the prognostics and to
  educate the readers.

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New Strategy appealing to everyday
experience.Calendar for year 1731.

• It was said about poet long time ago that they
  exist in order to bring benefits and
  entertainment to their readers. Same must be said
  about calendar writers people cant do without
  them. In a proper household managing without a
  calendar is only comparable to living without a
  mirror ltgt. Calendars serve us as a source for
  amusement, and it is well known that many
  inquisitive minds the whole year look at the
  calendars prognosis by one eye, while following
  the whether and the worlds events by another one.

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New Strategy appealing to common sense.Calendar
for year 1734.

• In the New Calendar an occurrence is described.
  Such occurrence took place in 1666 as well when
  it produced a great fear among simple folk.
  Namely, in 1666 in France a poem spread among
  people, and this poems content was If St.
  George crucifies Christ, St. Mark raises from the
  dead, and St. John is carried out for burial,
  the end of the world will come. And this
  signifies when the Good Friday falls on the St.
  Georges day, the Easter Sunday falls on St.
  Marks day, and Feast of the Body of Christ falls
  on the St. Johns day, the end of the world will
  come. This is happened in 1666.
• Such believes come from lack of common sense in
  simple folk, when natural assurances are
  attributed to some random accidental events
• It happened in 45, 482, 577 etc., and will take
  place in 1736, 1983, 2078 (Julian calendar).
• It happened in 1666, and will take place in 1734,
  1886, 1943 etc. (Gregorian calendar).

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New Strategy describing the role of a calendar
writer. Calendar for year 1735.

• Authors of Calendars have a lot in common with
  Historians. They have to tell in advance what is
  coming up, as historians are obliged to tell
  essentially, to repeat the same, but after it
  happened. The first ones may be addressed as
  heralds messengers of that will took place, the
  latter ones as followers of the events, because
  they only trace of what comes around.
• In the meanwhile, the Truth continues its way
  without marking time in among these two types of
  its vassals servants, and doesnt look at
  anyone of them for long, no matter if their
  service is good or bad.
• To be a Harold of the Truth one must have at
  least one eye on the back of his heads, or what
  is even better, to wear hundred-eyed all-seeing
  Argoss head, covered with eyes all around. The
  Nature didnt make me suitable for such a task.
  How can I go against my nature and predict which
  path the Truth will take.
• According to all evidence, this year will be as
  it is meant to be.

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New Strategy educating readers on health
matters. Calendar for year 1736.

• It is very probable that humans attract
  illnesses to themselves mostly by living
  disorderly and untidy. Therefore, even in the
  time of the best propitious astrological
  aspects an illness can occur. It is considered,
  however, that such planets as Mars and Saturn
  sometime may produce great changes in human
  health, we announce in this article what must be
  expected this year according to astrological
  predictions.
• End of January cough, head illnesses, shortness
  of breath, fainting spells. Moreover, it is
  necessary to be aware of death, especially for
  old folk.

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Calendar of the Old Gipsy (1799) Parody on
Prognostics.
Calendar for year 1799 Of the Old Gipsy, Sorcerer
and Fortune-teller
For the benefit and entertainment of young ladies
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Calendar of the Old Gipsy (1799)

• To teach you better lesson and to better caution
  you, I have put on myself a mask of a sorcerer. I
  should frankly admit, however, that as a matter
  of fact neither I nor any other mortal can
  predict anything. I admit it and tell you about
  it only because you have this little habit to
  spent hours with fortune-tellers, asking them to
  tell you your future by palm reading, card
  reading, or using coffee and beans. Never be so
  reckless and trust undoubtedly, that a veil
  which hides the future, no wise man can raise,
  all the more a silly Grandma, a brainless old
  woman.
• The past, the present and the future are open to
  my eye. Do you wish to take advantage of my
  knowledge? - I already knew the past and the
  present open me the future. - Good! Look, the
  veil rises what do you see now? - Nothing!
  This is all of it to see, and I dont see
  anything as well.

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Calendar of the Old Gipsy (1799) Mock
Predictions

• When you open a calendar that do you see in it? -
  I shall see, that this is a particular day, the
  tenth or the fifteenth or the twentieth day of
  the month.
• Tomorrow at this time you will be a whole day
  older, in cooperation with today. I guess, this
  is something you new without my prediction.
• When sixteen will be added to twenty four, and
  together with other numbers they will make more
  than seventy then it is rather probable that
  your life will come to the end. Do you understand
  this? - No, I do not understand! - I very much
  trust that for this time I following the
  tradition of the oracle of Delphi and gave you a
  obscure dark prediction. Penetrate it diligently
  its meaning is important.
• This day is very cold! That a meaningful
  prediction! So, it is already known to you!

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Calendar of the Old Gipsy (1799) time is
running away

• Look every day at you watch at least six times
  and you will see, how quickly time runs, and how
  discreetly one should use it in order to take
  advantage of it.
• Do you know, what an eel represents? It is emblem
  of time. When you think, that hold it securely in
  your hand, it slips away. Same with time you
  think you have all the time in the world, in
  reality you dont have much left. Do not trust
  time it flies and scoffs at your sluggishness.
• Are you a murderer? Yes, yes, laugh if you want,
  but tell me are you a killer? - Whom have I
  killed? You have been killing the best time,
  the finest time, golden and priceless time! Every
  day you torture it and kill it with your silly
  trifles. Beware! The murderer will not avoid
  punishment.

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Ivan Sytins Calendar for Everyone
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What This Means

• Add a strong statement that summarizes how you
  feel or think about this topic
• Summarize key points you want your audience to
  remember

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Next Steps

• Summarize any actions required of your audience
• Summarize any follow up action items required of
  you