The Animal Kingdom

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The Animal Kingdom

• The Chordates
• Nancy G. Morris
• Volunteer State Community College

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Phylum Hemichordata

• Hemichordata (hemi half chordata cord)
• acorn worm
• entirely marine
• adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics
• 1) pharyngial pouches
• 2) dorsal tubular nerve chord
• 3) tail
• evolutionary link between echinoderm and
  chordates
• ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of
  echinoderms

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Phylum Chordata

• Subphylum Urochordata
• (uro tail chordata cord)
• Subphylum Cephalochordata
• (cephalo head chordata cord)
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• (vertebrate backbone)

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Phylum Chordata

• All exhibit four chordata characteristics
• 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord
• 2) notochord
• 3) pharyngial pouches
• 4) tail
• Deutrostomes chordates echinoderms

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Anatomy of a Chordate
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Subphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or tunicates
• notochord present only in free-swimming larvum
• notochord does not extend into head
• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding
• adult is sessile filter feeder

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Subphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or
• tunicate
• Campbell p 631
• Settle after brief free-swimming larvum
  existence. Attaches at anterior end.
  Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail,
  notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

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Subphylum Cephalochordata

• head cord
• lancelet or Amphioxus
• notochord present throughout life extends into
  head region
• shallow marine waters
• chordate characteristics developed and apparent
  in adult
• tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes
• adults resemble tunicate larvum

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Anatomy ofa lancelet
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Cephalochordata lancelet
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Subphylum Vertebrata

• General Characteristics
• chordates with a backbone
• exhibit cephalization
• closed circulatory system
• neural crest (p. 633)

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Agnatha (without jaws)
• lamprey parasitic bloodsuckers w/ rasping
  tongue
• hagfish mainly scavengers
• no paired appendages
• larvum resembles lancelet

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Agnatha a sea lamprey
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Lamprey mouth
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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
• flexible endoskeletons of cartilage strengthened
  by calcium granules
• sharks (internal fertilization)
• oviparous egg laying
• ovoviviparous retain fertilized eggs hatch
  within the uterus
• viviparous young develop in the uterus
• suspension-feeders (plankton)

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Phylum Hemichordata

• Hemichordata (hemi half chordata cord)
• acorn worm
• entirely marine
• adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics
• 1) pharyngial pouches
• 2) dorsal tubular nerve chord
• 3) tail
• evolutionary link between echinoderm and
  chordates
• ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of
  echinoderms

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Phylum Chordata

• Subphylum Urochordata
• (uro tail chordata cord)
• Subphylum Cephalochordata
• (cephalo head chordata cord)
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• (vertebrate backbone)

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Phylum Chordata

• All exhibit four chordata characteristics
• 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord
• 2) notochord
• 3) pharyngial pouches
• 4) tail
• Deutrostomes chordates echinoderms

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Anatomy of a Chordate
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Subphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or tunicates
• notochord present only in free-swimming larvum
• notochord does not extend into head
• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding
• adult is sessile filter feeder

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Subphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or
• tunicate
• Campbell p 631
• Settle after brief free-swimming larvum
  existence. Attaches at anterior end.
  Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail,
  notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

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Subphylum Cephalochordata

• head cord
• lancelet or Amphioxus
• notochord present throughout life extends into
  head region
• shallow marine waters
• chordate characteristics developed and apparent
  in adult
• tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes
• adults resemble tunicate larvum

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Anatomy ofa lancelet
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Cephalochordata lancelet
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Subphylum Vertebrata

• General Characteristics
• chordates with a backbone
• exhibit cephalization
• closed circulatory system
• neural crest (p. 633)

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Agnatha (without jaws)
• lamprey parasitic bloodsuckers w/ rasping
  tongue
• hagfish mainly scavengers
• no paired appendages
• larvum resembles lancelet

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
• flexible endoskeletons of cartilage strengthened
  by calcium granules
• sharks (internal fertilization)
• oviparous egg laying
• ovoviviparous retain fertilized eggs hatch
  within the uterus
• viviparous young develop in the uterus
• suspension-feeders (plankton)

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Chondrichthyes
• (cartilaginous fishes)
• Rays skates
• Bottom feeders mollusks crustaceans
• Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Chondrichthyes
• (cartilaginous fishes)
• Rays skates
• Bottom feeders mollusks crustaceans
• Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Osteichthyes
• (bony fishes)
• Endoskeleton of hard calcium phosphate matrix
• Operculum- protective flap
• Swim bladder controls buoyancy

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Seahorse
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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Amphibia
• (two lives)
• first tetrapods
• transition to land still tied to water for
  respiration and reproduction
• Gills ? lungs (metamorphosis)
• Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Reptilia (Campbell, p. 644)
• (to creep)
• lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila
  monsters, crocodiles, alligators
• first true land animal
• Scales, lungs, amniotic egg
• no feathers
• cold-blooded ectotherms (energy conservation)

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Hatching reptile
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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Fossil links
• Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles and birds
  Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc bird-reptile
• Clawed forelimbs
• Teeth
• Long tail w/ vertebrae

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Archaeopteryx
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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Aves (bird)
• feathered
• few flightless ostrich, kiwi, emu
• breastbone with keel carina permitting flight
• jays, sparrows, warblers, etc

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Mammalia (breast)
• Hair or fur of keratin
• Active metabolism endothermic
• Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm
• Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered heart
• Layer of fat
• Mammary glands, tooth differentiation

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Mammalia (breast)
• Monotremes egg-laying mammals (Platypuses
  echidnas spiny anteaters)
• Placental mammals
• Marsupial mammals kangaroo, opossum

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Marsupial PlacentalMammals
Marsupial Placental