Sustainable Technologies

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Sustainable Technologies

• Justine Cooper
• Sustainable Buildings Research Group
• University of Greenwich

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Sustainable Technologies

• Global Warming
• Other Environmental Issues Connected with
  Buildings
• Green Energy Generation
• Energy Conservation
• Water Conservation
• Case Studies

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Global Warming

• Climate Change
• Climate change is already happening.
• Globally, the ten hottest years on record have
  all occurred since the beginning of the 1990s.
• Current climate models predict that global
  temperatures could warm from between 1.4 to 5.8ºC
  over the next 100 years, depending on the amounts
  of greenhouse gases emitted and the sensitivity
  of the climate system.
• Caused by Greenhouse Gases e.g. CO2, Methane,
  NOx, HFCs, CFCs etc

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Greenhouse Gases
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The Greenhouse Effect
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• Pollution

Ozone Hole
Acid Rain
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• Material Use

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Energy Generation
Micro-generation
Macro-generation
Community Generation
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Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation

• Carbon footprint gCO2eq/kWh (grams of CO2 per
  kilowatt hour of generation
• Coal gt1000 gCO2eq/kWh
• Oil approx. 650 gCO2eq/kWh
• Gas approx. 500 gCO2eq/kWh
• Biomass 25 93 gCO2eq/kWh (dependant upon
  fuel)
• PV 58 gCO2eq/kWh
• Marine 25 50 gCO2eq/kWh
• Hydro 10 30 gCO2eq/kWh
• Wind 4.46 5.25 gCO2eq/kWh (onshore /
  offshore)
• Nuclear 5 gCO2eq/kWh

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Hydro, Biomass, Wood Pellet Boiler
Wood Pellet Boiler
Hydro
Biomass
Source NEF
Source EST
Source NEF
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Tidal, Wave, Current
Wave - LIMPET
Wave - AquaBuOY
Wave Pelamis
Marine Current Turbine
Stingray Tidal Stream Generator
Source British Wind Energy Association
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Tidal Barrage
Source (ACRE) Australian CRC for Renewable
Energy LTD
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Fuel Cell
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Energy Conservation Why?
Source DEFRA
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Energy Conservation- Why?CO2 Emissions by use
- house built to 2002 Regulations
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Energy Conservation

• No Cost Measures?

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Energy Conservation

• No Cost Measures
• Switch off appliances rather than leave on
  standby
• Close curtains to retain heat
• Always turn lights off when you leave a room
• Turn down thermostat by 1C
• Shower instead of bath
• Only heat the water required (in a kettle)

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Energy Conservation

• Low Cost Measures (50 or less)?
• Medium Cost Measure (less than 500)?

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Energy Conservation

• Low Cost Measures (50 or less)
• Fit energy saving light bulbs
• Insulate hot water tanks
• Install chimney balloons
• Draught proof windows and doors
• Medium Cost Measure (less than 500)
• Insulate loft
• Install cavity wall insulation
• Replace old appliances

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Energy Conservation

• Measures that cost over 500?

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Energy Conservation

• Measures that cost over 500
• Replace boilers older than 15 years with new
  condensing boilers
• Install double glazing
• Renewables?

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Water Conservation

• WHY?

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Water Conservation

• WHY?
• Increasingly scarce resource
• Essential to life
• Increasing water charges

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Water Conservation

• HOW? (In the home)

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Water Conservation

• HOW? (In the home)
• Wash fruit and vegetables in a bowl rather than
  under running water
• Use minimum amount of water in saucepans and
  kettles
• Run washing and dishwashing machines fully loaded
• Dont leave the tap running while cleaning teeth
• Shower instead of bath
• Use a save-a-flush of hippo in old style
  toilet cisterns
• Fix all dripping taps
• Lag all external taps and pipes to guard against
  winter damage

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Water Conservation

• HOW? (In the Garden)

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Water Conservation

• HOW? (In the Garden)
• Water the garden during the morning or evening
• Dont water shrubs and plants too often, wait for
  signs of wilting
• Collect rainwater
• Weed regularly
• Plant flowers and shrubs which thrive in hot dry
  conditions
• Mulches prevent water evaporation and suppress
  weeds
• Dont cut lawn grass short
• Dont use a sprinkler

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Materials

• HOW?

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Materials

• The 3 Rs REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE
• Certified timber
• Non-ozone and global warming potential materials
• Natural paints and stains
• Plant fibres
• Non-PVC
• Locally sourced materials

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Materials
Source The Green Guide To Specification
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Case Studies
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General Lessons learnt

• Early consultation with consultants and key
  supply chain members to integrate sustainability
  early in the design is key!
• All sub-contractors need to identify with aims of
  sustainable construction so that necessary care
  and attention is given to the design and
  construction process
• EcoHomes should not be used as a tick box
  exercise!

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General Difficulties

• Sourcing sustainable, slightly unusual materials,
  sourcing high performance elements locally, such
  as joinery, ventilation and sanitary goods
• Procuring sustainably sourced timber. There is a
  lack of competitive sources of certified timber
  products in the UK which doesnt make it cost
  effective to use such materials. Using only
  certified materials can add up to an extra 1,239
  per unit. (FSC timber generally carries a 10
  surcharge)

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Case Studies

• Woking Borough Council
• 93,000 residents, businesses from local firms and
  leading international companies
• It has an Environmental Charter and Energy
  Efficiency Policy through which a number of
  ground-breaking measures to protect the
  environment and reduce pollution have been made.
• Council owned buildings and public places have
  adopted various water and energy saving
  techniques and the revenue saved (on resource
  consumption) has been reinvested in other
  environmental measures to further increase energy
  efficiency.
• Targets - Council buildings reduce energy
  consumption by 40 from 1991/2 to 2001
• Improve efficiency of boroughs public and private
  housing sector by 30 by 2006.
• Examples of energy saving (1/4/2001)
• PV used off-grid to power pay and display
  machines
• PV and CHP used to provide all year round
  heating, hot water and electricity to sheltered
  housing scheme.
• CHP generating sites around the borough produce
  local electricity which is distributed via a
  private-wire network to local residents. The
  council sells the electricity for a fair price,
  meaning both increased profits and saving for the
  customers.
• Fuel cell CHP which not only produces green
  electricity but its also estimated to produce
  633,000 of 100 pure water as a by-product.

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Further Reading

• www.bre.co.uk
• www.sustainablehomes.co.uk
• www.greenstreets
• www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/home (grant detail
• www.woking.gov.uk/environment/Greeninitiatives/sus
  tainablewoking
• www.nef.org.uk
• www.aecb.net/about.php
• www.gallionsecopark.co.uk
• www.ewea.org
• http//aquaenergygroup.com
• www.cat.org.uk

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Further Reading

• www.est.org.uk
• www.dti.gov.uk
• www.bwea.com
• www.logpile.co.uk
• www.wwf.org.uk
• www.stopclimatechaos.org
• www.eci.ox.ac.uk
• www.breeam.org
• www.fsc-uk.info
• www.emas.org.uk/aboutemas/mainframe.htm
• Parliamentary Office of Science Technology
  postnote

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• Any Questions?
• This presentation is available for download
• From Dr. Jones website
• Slides 10 51 courtesy of Southampton
  University, Sustainable Energy Research Group.