Elicited behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization

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Elicited behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
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Non-Associative Learning/Behavior
Elicited behavior - reflex, modal action pattern.
Repeated stimulation - habituation,
sensitization.
Emotional behavior - pattern of affective
dynamics.
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Elicited Behavior
Reflex - Response elicited by a specific
stimulus. Salivation, knee jerk, etc.
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Elicited Behavior
Modal Action Pattern (MAP) Orderly sequence of
reflexive behaviors.
Concept put forth by ethologists Tinbergen and
Lorenz.
Species typical behavior, e.g., feeding, mating,
social behaviors, etc.
Evolutionarily important behaviors, instinctive
Elicited by complex array or sequence of
stimuli. Elicitation can depend on motivation
(action-specific energy)
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Modal Action Pattern
Video of egg retrieval in goose
What is the sign stimulus?
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MAPs in Humans?

• Lorenz claimed that caring for young (and the
  associated affective responses) are MAPs.
• The sign stimuli are
• Head large in proportion to the body
• Protruding forehead large in proportion to the
  size of the rest of the face
• Large ears and eyes below the midline of the head
  
• Small nose
• Short thick extremities
• Rounded body shape
• Soft elastic body surfaces
• Round protruding cheeks

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Stephen Jay Gould on the evolution of Mickey Mouse
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Supernormal stimulus
An accurate 3-dimensional model of a herring
gull's head (a), and a 'supernormal' bill (b).
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Supernormal stimulus
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Supernormal stimuli?
v.
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Repeated stimulation
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Repeated stimulation
Elicited behavior is not plastic, but can change
with repeated stimulation.
Habituation effect Decreased response with
repeated stimulation.
Sensitization effect Increased
response with repeated stimulation.
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Habituation effect
Response
Trials
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Habituation movie
Rat hears a series of loud bursts of noise
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Dishabituation
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Dishabituation effect
Response
Trials
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Dishabituation movie
Rat hears a series of loud high-pitched
noises, Followed by a loud lower-pitched
noise, Followed by another series of loud
high-pitched noises
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Spontaneous recovery
Retention Interval
Response
Trials
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Location of habituation processes
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How is habituation different from
sensory adaptation and fatigue?

• Sometimes the habituated response will not
  recover after for a long time. (Long Term
  Habituation)

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• Habituation will be slower for stimuli which have
  a higher salience (i.e., intensity)

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• Dishabituation following the presentation of a
  novel stimulus.

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• Generalization gradient of a habituated response.

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Short-Term v. Long-Term Habituation
Days 1 - 11
Day 12
Day 13
Leaton (1976)
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Sensitization effect
Response
Trials
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Sensitization

• In general Sensitization effects can be
  influenced by similar parameters as habituation.

• However, generalization is greater in
  Sensitization.
• Following exposure to cutaneous pain, rats
  reactivity to a wide range of auditory stimuli
  is increased.

Sensitization can be thought of as arousal.
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Sensitization arousal effect
Sensitization Movie
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Habituation and Sensitization in Aplysia
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Sensitization Pathway
Increased serotonin release
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Dual-Process theory of Habituation and
Sensitization

• 2 underlying processes exist
• 1) A Habituation process
• 2) A Sensitization process

The observable behavior is the sum of these two
processes.
The habituation effect is observed when
the habituation process is greater than the
sensitization
process.
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Dual Process examples
Habituation effect
Sensitization effect
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Groves and Thompson (1970)
S-R System Habituation is thought to occur in
the reflex arc.
State System Sensitization is thought to occur
in the part of the nervous system that determines
general responsiveness.
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Infant attention
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Looking Time
Trials
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Emotional responses
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Opponent Process Theory of Motivation
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Changes in complex emotional responses
Explains
Drug addiction tolerance and withdrawal
(?) Marriage boredom and bereavement