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Spiders 101

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Title: Spiders 101


1
Spiders 101
  • Kelly V. Tindall
  • Extension Entomologist
  • Twin Falls County

2
Most Spiders
  • Are good and beneficial HOWEVER there is
    irrational fear about them
  • Have fangs too small to bite
  • Bite only when threatened
  • Suspected most bites are from sac spiders
  • Most are not toxic to humans
  • Bites usually produce slight swelling,
    inflammation, and/or itching

3
Classification System
  • Kingdom (Animalia)
  • Phylum (Arthropoda)
  • Class (Aráchnida)
  • Order (Aràneae)
  • Family (Agelenidae)
  • Genus (Tegenaria )
  • Species (agrestis)
  • Common Name Hobo spider

4
Classification System
  • Kingdom (Animalia)
  • Phylum (Arthropoda)
  • Class (Aráchnida)
  • Order (Aràneae)
  • Family (Agelenidae)
  • Genus (Tegenaria )
  • Species (agrestis)
  • Common Name Hobo spider

5
Classification System
6
Classification System
  • Kingdom (Animalia)
  • Phylum (Arthropoda)
  • Class (Aráchnida)
  • Order (Aràneae)
  • Family (Agelenidae)
  • Genus (Tegenaria )
  • Species (agrestis)
  • Common Name Hobo spider

7
Arthropoda Characteristics
  • Exoskeleton
  • Chitin
  • Segmented appendages
  • Segmented body
  • Bilateral symetry
  • Dorsal tubular heart
  • Ventral paired nerve chord

8
Classes of Arthropods
  • Arachnida spiders, mites, ticks
  • Diplopoda millipedes
  • Chilopoda centipedes
  • Insecta insects

9
Classification System
  • Kingdom (Animalia)
  • Phylum (Arthropoda)
  • Class (Aráchnida)
  • Order (Aràneae)
  • Family (Agelenidae)
  • Genus (Tegenaria )
  • Species (agrestis)
  • Common Name Hobo spider

10
Arachnida Characteristics
  • Body divided into two parts
  • Four pairs of legs
  • No antennae
  • No wings

11
Classes of Aráchnida
  • Scorpiones scorpions
  • Uropygi whipscorpions
  • Araneae spiders
  • Opiliones harvestmen
  • Acari mites and ticks
  • Pseudoscorpiones pseudoscorpions
  • Solifugae windscorpions

12
Classification System
  • Kingdom (Animalia)
  • Phylum (Arthropoda)
  • Class (Aráchnida)
  • Order (Aràneae)
  • Family (Agelenidae)
  • Genus (Tegenaria )
  • Species (agrestis)
  • Common Name Hobo spider

13
Spiders - Araneae
  • Wingless and lack antennae
  • 2 parts, chepalothorax (head) and abdomen
  • Six or eight eyes
  • Variable in size and shape
  • All food intake is liquid
  • All are beneficial, few are hazardous

14
Spider Facts
  • 42 types (Families) of spiders
  • Hundreds of species in Idaho
  • All are beneficial
  • Almost all have venom
  • Hazardous spiders include black widow and hobo
    spiders
  • Reactions vary with individual

15
Prey Capturing Tactics
  • Web builders
  • Webs can help ID the type of spider
  • Designs vary, many elaborate
  • Active hunters
  • May construct web but used for resting
  • Passive hunters
  • Lay in wait then pounce

16
Prey Capturing Tactics
  • Web builders
  • Cobweb spiders
  • Orb weaver spiders
  • Cellar spiders
  • Funnel web spiders
  • Active hunters
  • Wolf spiders
  • Jumping spiders
  • Nursery web spiders
  • Passive hunters
  • Crab spiders
  • Trantualas

17
Web Builders
  • Use webs to catch prey
  • Webs vary in design and size
  • Can be used to help ID spider
  • Includes
  • Combfooted spiders
  • Orb weaver spiders
  • Cellar spiders
  • Funnel web spiders

18
Combfooted Spiders
  • Irregular, sticky webs on structures pest
  • Sheltered sites, indoors or outdoors
  • Inconspicuous, BUT web is not
  • Abandon non-productive webs and make new webs
  • Example Black widow

19
Combfooted Spiders
  • Legs Named for row of bristles (comb) located
    on 4th leg
  • Lack thick hairs on legs
  • Three tarsal claws
  • Eyes 8 eyes
  • Body Spherical abdomen
  • No teeth on chelicerae
  • Often confused with orb weavers

20
Black Widow
  • Females with red hourglass
  • Usually non-aggressive
  • Will retreat when disturbed unless defending egg
    sac
  • Bite usually when trapped
  • Webs in secluded, cluttered areas
  • 150-400 eggs/sac 4-9 sacs/year
  • Female 3 years in the lab

21
Orb Weaver Spiders
  • Circular, flat, elaborate web
  • Species specific web design
  • Webs usually occur outdoors
  • Poor vision - locate prey by vibration and
    tension
  • Wrap victim in silk
  • Oddly shaped abdomens (pointed spurs, conical
    tubercles)
  • Though scary, not dangerous
  • May bite if handled

22
Orb Weaver Spiders
  • Body Spherical abdomen
  • Often brightly colored
  • Thick spines on abdomen
  • 1/10 1 inch
  • Eyes 8 eyes with 4 in center cluster w/ side
    pairs separated
  • Legs Long legs with spines
  • Most characteristic web

23
Orb Weavers
  • Wheel Weavers
  • Nocturnal

Golden Garden Spider
24
Cellar Spiders
  • Found in dark, damp places
  • cellars, basements, crawlspaces, outbuildings
  • Loose, irregular-shaped web in dark corners
  • Add to their web large webs
  • Male female live together
  • Large populations in a structure

25
Cellar Spiders
  • Commonly misidentified as daddy long legs
  • Long bodies and legs
  • Hang upside down in irregular-shaped webs
  • Found in dark places
  • Either 6 or 8 eyes

26
Funnel Web Spiders
  • Large, flat, horizontal, NONsticky webs with a
    funnel
  • Hides in narrow end of funnel attacks when
    feels vibration
  • Carries prey back to the funnel
  • Silk once used to cover wounds to stop bleeding
  • Infest structures, but webs typically on lower
    levels

27
Funnel Web Spiders
  • Body large brown (gt1/2 inch)
  • 2 rear spinnerets extend past abdomen
  • Eyes 8 similar sized eyes
  • 2 curved rows
  • Sometimes confused with
  • wolf or nursery web spiders

28
Funnel Web Spiders
  • Grass spider carapace - yellowish to dark brown
    with 2 dark stripes abdomen yellowish gray to
    dark brown legs distinct rings
  • House spider covered with light plumose hairs
    abdomen various markings carapace 2 dark
    stripes

29
Hobo Spider
  • Brown spider ¼-? inch
  • Dozens of similar looking spiders
  • Sure ID - dissect reproductive structure
  • Each species has a distinctive "lock and key"
    design

30
Hobo Spider
  • Brown spider ¼-? inch
  • Dozens of similar looking spiders
  • Sure ID - dissect reproductive structure
  • Each species has a distinctive "lock and key"
    design

31
Hobo Spider
  • AKA aggressive house spider but not too
    aggressive
  • Introduced from Europe
  • Found in PNW British Columbia, MT, WY, CO, ID,
    OR, WA and northern UT
  • May cause necrotic wounds
  • Can have dense populations in certain habitats
  • Web often found in a crack between bricks or
    under wood, stones, or vegetation

32
Hobo Spider
  • Easier to say it is NOT a hobo
  • 1st is it associated with a funnel web?
  • Yes maybe No not a hobo
  • 2nd how many eyes does it have and the
    arrangement?
  • 8 eyes in 2 rows of 4 maybe 6 eyes or 8 in
    different arrangement not a hobo
  • Maybe answers arent always hobos, still finer
    details must be examined

33
Hobo Spider
34
Hobo Spider Bites
  • Suggested progressive necrotic wound
  • Lab studies with rabbits venom not to be
    poisonous
  • Different animals react differently to venoms
  • More research is needed to determine its
    importance
  • Headache that persists for 2-7 days
  • Does not go away with pain relievers
  • Other organisms that may be responsible for hobo
    bites
  • Arthropods mites, fleas, bed bugs, soft ticks,
    hard ticks, conenose bugs, and kissing bugs
  • Medical conditions and diseases bacterial
    infections a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma diabetic
    ulcer herpes

35
Giant House Spider
  • Mistaken for Hobo Spider
  • Non-venomous
  • Beneficial

36
Active hunters
  • Actively search for prey
  • Webs (if any) used as resting areas
  • Encountered when venture for prey
  • Includes
  • Wolf spiders
  • Jumping spiders
  • Nursery web spiders

37
Wolf Spiders
  • Fast runners that chase their prey
  • Sometimes confused with tarantulas
  • Hunt day and night
  • Usually occur outdoors, but may wander indoors
    in search of prey
  • Tend to stay at or near floor level
  • Web retreats in sheltered sites
  • Females carry large, egg sac attached to
    spinnerets
  • Spiderlings climb onto moms back and stay there
    several days before dispersing
  • Look scary but not aggressive
  • May bite if handled

38
Wolf Spiders
  • Legs long and sometimes spiny
  • 4th pair of legs is longest
  • 3 tarsal claws
  • Body black and white or earthtones, hairy
  • Hairy and large (¼-1½ in)
  • Eyes appearance of three rows of 4-2-2
  • Carapace pear shaped
  • Head sits higher than body

39
Jumping Spiders
  • Named for jumping ability
  • Jump many times their length
  • Make quick, sudden jumps to capture prey or
    avoid threat
  • Able to walk backward
  • Best vision of all spiders
  • Active during day, prefer sun
  • Normally live outdoors
  • May become established indoors
  • Hunting activities often center about windows
    and entry doors

40
Jumping Spiders
  • Body 1/8 3/4 inches long, very hairy, stocky
  • Brightly colored or iridescent scales
  • Cephalothorax large in relation to abdomen
  • Legs short-legged, hairy
  • Front legs thickest and longest
  • Tarsi have 2 serrated claws
  • Eyes 8 eyes in 3 rows
  • Middle eyes of front row LARGE
  • Appearance of 2 eyes sometimes

41
Sac Spiders
  • Club spiders/yellow house spiders common in
    Idaho
  • Thought to be the most common biter of humans
  • Mostly when fall from ceiling onto beds and get
    traped
  • Symptoms like that of a bee sting
  • Commonly found resting in silken tube in ceiling
    corners, under eaves, rocks, wood, etc.
  • Nocturnal

42
Sac Spiders
  • Legs long legs
  • Body slightly flattened abdomen
  • Conical shaped spinnerets are characteristic
  • Eyes 8 similar sized eyes
  • 2 rows (letter D)
  • Carapace pear shaped

43
Nursery Web Spiders
  • Live near lakes and streams
  • Occasionally found indoors
  • Walk on water can be submerged under water
  • Hunt day and night
  • Feed on aquatic insects small fish
  • Male bring pre-nuptial gift
  • Females carry around an egg sac
  • Prior to hatch, eggs are fastened to leaves
    enclosed w/in a nursery web
  • Female guards the nursery web

44
Nursery Web Spiders
  • Similar to wolf spiders
  • Legs 3 tarsal claws
  • Body usually earthtones with light stripes
  • Eyes 8 similar sized eyes
  • 2 curved rows
  • Carapace pear shaped
  • Head not elevated like Wolfs

45
Passive Hunters
  • Lay in wait for their prey rather than searching
  • When prey approaches, they jump or pounce
  • Includes
  • Crab spiders
  • Brown spiders
  • Tarantulas

46
Crab Spiders
  • Can walk forward, backward, or sideways
  • Many have horns or ornaments on the
    cephalothorax or abdomen
  • Some mimic bird droppings

47
Crab Spiders
  • Legs legs out to side at right angles
  • Body abdomen flattened
  • Females triangular
  • Color blends environment
  • Ground hunters gray, brown, or black,
  • Plant hunters bright red, yellow, orange,
    white, and/or green
  • Eyes 8 similar sized eyes
  • 2 rows

48
Brown Spiders
  • Legs long legs with 2 tarsal claws
  • Body brown
  • Long thin abdomen
  • ? inches
  • Eyes 6 similar sized eyes in 3 pairs
  • Carapace often violin-shape on top

49
Brown Recluse
  • Poisonous
  • Not established in ID
  • Records are from transport
  • Violin on cephalothorax points towards rear
  • Likes homes

50
Tarantula
  • Jaws move up and down
  • Fang with distinct groove
  • Usually brown to black
  • Legs 5 inches two claws and claw tuft
  • Anal tubercule behind spinnerets
  • Many short kinked, barbed hairs (allergenic)

51
Tarantula
  • Females long lived 20 years
  • Males 5-7 yrs 6 mos dies soon after mating
  • 800-850 eggs per sac
  • Mate in 2006 egg sac in 2007
  • Bites only when harassed
  • Painful bite but NOT poisonous

52
Preventing Bites
  • Shake clothing before dressing
  • Inspect bedding towels before use
  • Wear gloves when handling firewood, lumber, and
    rocks
  • Remove bedskirts move bed away from wall
  • Dont use under bed for storage
  • Use care when handling boxes (spider habitat)

53
Control
  • Achieved by integrated pest management (IPM)
  • Approach that involves multiple tactics
  • Preventive measures
  • Exclusion
  • Sanitation
  • Chemicals applied to targeted sites.
  • Inspection of building locate the pest and its
    harborages (at night if nocturnal)

54
Control
  • 1st correctly identify the spider
  • Determines management tactics based on biology
    and habits
  • Example web builder - target its web (where
    most of its time is spent)
  • Active hunters move about more likely to
    contact insecticide-treated surfaces at ground
    level
  • Tactics vary in efficacy depending on the
    species of spider

55
Control Exclusion
  • Tight-fitting screens on windows, doors vents
  • Weather stripping around doors
  • Seal cracks and crevices that allow entry
  • Attract less insects (prey) to your house
  • Use yellow or sodium vapor light bulbs outdoors
  • Turn lights off (reduces web building)
  • Have lights away from the house
  • Use sensible storage
  • Seal boxes used for storage (prevents entry)
  • Plastic bags (sealed) to store loose items

56
Control Sanitation
  • Reduce areas of harborage
  • Remove trash boxes, wood piles, rock piles,
    etc.
  • Eliminate clutter in less frequented rooms
  • Store items off the floor away from walls
  • Eliminate household insect pests (prey)
  • Do not stack wood against the house
  • Remove heavy vegetation leaf litter near
    foundation
  • Wash webs off house with high-pressure hose

57
Control Non-Chemical
  • Indoors
  • Capture and release it outdoors
  • Vacuum to remove spiders, webs, egg sacs
  • Dispose of vacuum bag in container outdoors
  • Squash individuals when discovered
  • Sticky traps or glueboards to entangle spiders
  • Outdoors
  • Regularly destroy webs around the house
  • Often move when webs are disrupted

58
Control Insecticides
  • Many labeled pesticides for spiders
  • Some labeled for homeowner use, others only for
    licensed, certified pesticide applicators
  • Non-residual aerosol spray
  • Kills visible spiders but not egg sacs (vacuum)
  • Nonrepellent insecticidal dust
  • Provides residual
  • Good for web builders dust sticks on webbing
  • Can be applied to voids and inaccessible areas

59
Control Insecticides Cont
  • Wettable powders / microencapsulated products
  • For active hunters
  • Residual insecticide, slow release formulations
  • Applied to corners, behind and under furniture,
    etc.
  • Prevent establishment of new spiders
  • Flushing agents (pyrethrins) wont control but
    will send them on the move,
  • Residual liquid sprays
  • Not effective for web-sitting species
  • Applied to outside perimeter of the home
  • under eaves, patios, decks behind shutters
  • Use along cracks and crevices of decorative
    molding, undisturbed corners, and other suspected
    habitats
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